1) Did the authors summarize their results

1) Did the authors summarize their results in the context of the original hypothesis; was their hypothesis was supported or refuted, or were the results mixed? 2) Did they point out where their results fit with previous studies? In what way(s) do they agree with or contradict these other studies? 3) If this paper’s results contradict previous papers, do the authors critically analyze the methods and results to consider and discuss) why this might be? Did they discuss what they did differently? 4) Alongside the context provided by these other studies, what DO the results suggest might be true? 5) If any of the results were surprising or NOT predicted, what are the most logical possible explanations? 6) If any of the results were as predicted, do the authors consider any rational, possible alternative explanations? What are these alternative explanations? 7) Did the authors address any limitations of their study? For example, consider whether the population they tested might (or might not) be representative of other populations. 8) Did the authors predict where they would say further study may be warranted, and why? 9) What is the “take-home” message of this study? 10) What are the “Big Picture” applications/implications regarding further studies on this topic? Image transcription text 8 100% + in top galls, bottom-gall larvae did not differ from single-gall larvae in mortality from any source, nor in survivorship (P > 0.05: Table 2). DISCUSSION On a given goldenrod stem hosting two galls, bot… Show more Image transcription text 6 /8 100% + 98 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 136(1) (Abrahamson and McCrea, 1985), the majority of resources should be intercepted by the bottom gall in a double-gall stem, lowering r… Show more Image transcription text 6 /8 100% larva to two particular sources of mortality. parasitism by Eurytoma gigantea and predation by birds. Eurytoma gigantea attacks galls in late summer after they have reached maximum size (Weis an… Show more Image transcription text 18 100% 1996 ZUROVCHAK & SHEALER: GOLDENROD GALLFLY SURVIVORSHIP 99 Downy woodpeckers ( Picoides pubescens) preferentially prey on larger single galls (Cane and Kurczewski, … Show more SCIENCE HEALTH SCIENCE NURSING BIOLOGY 142

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