1) Read carefully and answer the questions

1) Read carefully and answer the questions below and address the associated following questions. Cells are the basic living unit of structure and function in organisms. Describe the following terms related to human cell 1.1) Structure of cell 1.2) Function of cell 1.3) Cellular respiration 1.4) Requirements of cell for survival 2) Define cellular adaptation and explain the following four (4) major types of cellular adaptation given in the table 2.1) Definition 2.2) Types Cellular adaptation Hyperplasia 2.3) Hypertrophy 2.4) Atrophy 2.5) Metaplasia 3) Movement of substances within and between body fluids, sometimes across a barrier such as the cell membrane is essential to normal physiology. Mention the direction, requirement and one example of the following transport systems. Hydrostatic force Direction (Does substances move from high to low or low to high concentration?) Requirement (What other substrate is required for this transport to happen?) Example 3.1) Active transport 3.2) Simple Diffusion 3.3) Facilitated diffusion 3.4) Osmosis 3.5) Hydrostatic force 4) Environmental health problems arising from environmental emergencies are connected to their effects on the physical, biological, and social environment that pose a threat to human health. Specify one (1) effect of the following environmental emergencies on human body and mention any three (3) signs and symptoms of the effect. Environmental emergencies Effect on human body [specify one (1)] Signs and symptoms [Specify three (3)] 4.1) Diving 4.2) High altitude 4.3) Temperature 5) Mr Jim, 68-year-old man presented to the Emergency Department following a house fire. The flat below his had caught fire during the night, and the smoke rose through the floors and windows, and the patient was exposed to significant smoke inhalation. He is suspected to have carbon monoxide poisoning. Answer the following questions based on the scenario. 5.1) What might be the pathophysiological changes brought about by carbon monoxide in his body? 5.2) Enlist the seven (7) signs and symptoms that the patient may manifest? 6) Describe the impact of following processes in human body 6.1) Surgical insult 6.2) Penetrating Trauma 6.3) Blunt trauma 7) Define the following terms related to human body and measurements in different body system Terms Definition 7.1) Medial 7.2) Lateral 7.3) Mid-axillary line 7.4) Anterior 7.5) Posterior 7.6) Ventral 7.7) Dorsal 7.8) Superior 7.9) Inferior 7.10) Proximal 7.11) Distal 7.12) Torso 7.13) Blood pressure 7.14) Body mass index 7.15) Cardiac output 7.16) Tachypnea 7.17) Hypercapnia 7.18) Hypoxia 7.19) Intracranial pressure 7.20) Peristalsis 7.21) Glomerular filtration 8.Signs and symptoms Clinical conditions (Provisional diagnosis) Chest pressure or pain, typically on the left side of the body Neck or jaw pain Shoulder or arm pain A fast heartbeat Shortness of breath Nausea and vomiting A headache that lasts anything from four up to 72 hours. Pulsating or throbbing pain, often just on one side of your head. A headache that gets worse when you’re active or stops you from being active. Feeling sick or vomiting. Increased sensitivity to light and noise. Coughing, especially at night Wheezing Shortness of breath Chest tightness, pain, or pressure Drooped mouth. Inability to lift arms. Slurred speech. Dizziness, loss of balance or an unexplained fall A 55-year-old male client presented at the emergency department with dyspnea. He claims that he has been having difficulty breathing for the past three days. It gets worse when walking up stairs and unloading groceries from the car. General health assessment revealed. Inability to complete sentences Moderately obese Physical assessment: BP 145/89mmHg, RR: 22/min with distended neck veins and productive cough. 9) Briefly describe basic chemistry of the following human body processes in each and provide one (1) example of chemical reaction related to each. 9.1) Metabolism 9.2) Respiration 10) The following table gives the common acid base imbalances. Mention the pH, primary disturbance, and secondary response of each disorder. Acid base imbalance pH Primary disturbance Secondary response 10.1) Respiratory acidosis 10.2) Respiratory alkalosis 10.3) Renal acidosis 10.4) Renal alkalosis SCIENCE HEALTH SCIENCE NURSING HLT 54121

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