11 Which of the following is a

11 Which of the following is a direct result of experiencing intimate partner violence? Mental / behavioral health concerns Physical injury Lack of healthcare seeking All of the above 12 What does the reproduction number disclose about the epidemiology of an infectious disease? Shows how contagious a disease is Shows which individuals have the disease Shows the proportion of people with a particular disease Shows how long an individual can survive with the disease 13 Which of the following describes infectious diseases? Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi The diseases cannot be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases of animals that can cause disease when transmitted to humans. A & C 14 How do public health research studies measure sex? Genetics Sex assigned at birth on the birth certificate Assumed by the data collector All of the above 15 Context Malawi is considered on track to achieve the Millennium Development Goal 4. Mortality among children less than 5 years of age decreased from 225 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 92 per 1,000 live births in 2010. Nevertheless, 53% of children under 5 years are stunted, and 4% are wasted. In 2006, only 27% of children with diarrhea received oral rehydration therapy, only 30% of children with suspected pneumonia received an antibiotic, and only 25% of children with fever received an appropriate antimalarial. Health Surveillance Assistant (HSA) Program HSAs are community-based health workers recruited and salaried by the Malawi Ministry of Health. This cadre of worker was established for smallpox vaccination in the 1960s and continued to serve evolving needs of the health system, including response to cholera outbreaks during the 1970s and 1980s and environmental health education and population surveillance in the 1990s. The current job description includes (1) promotion of hygiene and sanitation, (2) provision of health education, (3) home visitation and maintenance of community registers, (4) conducting community assessments, including public facility inspection, (5) disease surveillance, (6) conducting outreach clinics, including immunization, and (7) conducting village health clinics (VHCs) to provide iCCM services. Early Implementation of iCCM in Malawi. The WHO/UNICEF training materials on caring for the sick child in the community are a simplified version of the IMCI guidelines for first-level health workers and focus on the major causes of death among children under age 5 year. Community-based health workers learn to identify and treat uncomplicated cases of suspected pneumonia, fever (presumed malaria), and diarrhea and identify and refer children with danger signs, severe malnutrition, or other problems that they have not been trained to treat. By the end of 2010, all districts in Malawi had adopted the policy of iCCM, focusing on the establishment of VHCs by iCCM-trained HSAs in hard-to reach areas. Based on the description of the program, what investment principle were the iCCM program managers following in Malawi? Health maximization Priority to the worst off Personal responsibility A & B 16 Context Malawi is considered on track to achieve the Millennium Development Goal 4. Mortality among children less than 5 years of age decreased from 225 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 92 per 1,000 live births in 2010. Nevertheless, 53% of children under 5 years are stunted, and 4% are wasted. In 2006, only 27% of children with diarrhea received oral rehydration therapy, only 30% of children with suspected pneumonia received an antibiotic, and only 25% of children with fever received an appropriate antimalarial. Health Surveillance Assistant (HSA) Program HSAs are community-based health workers recruited and salaried by the Malawi Ministry of Health. This cadre of worker was established for smallpox vaccination in the 1960s and continued to serve evolving needs of the health system, including response to cholera outbreaks during the 1970s and 1980s and environmental health education and population surveillance in the 1990s. The current job description includes (1) promotion of hygiene and sanitation, (2) provision of health education, (3) home visitation and maintenance of community registers, (4) conducting community assessments, including public facility inspection, (5) disease surveillance, (6) conducting outreach clinics, including immunization, and (7) conducting village health clinics (VHCs) to provide iCCM services. Early Implementation of iCCM in Malawi. The WHO/UNICEF training materials on caring for the sick child in the community are a simplified version of the IMCI guidelines for first-level health workers and focus on the major causes of death among children under age 5 year. Community-based health workers learn to identify and treat uncomplicated cases of suspected pneumonia, fever (presumed malaria), and diarrhea and identify and refer children with danger signs, severe malnutrition, or other problems that they have not been trained to treat. By the end of 2010, all districts in Malawi had adopted the policy of iCCM, focusing on the establishment of VHCs by iCCM-trained HSAs in hard-to reach areas. The HSA an example of what type of programming? Vertical programming focusing only on malaria prevention Horizontal programming focusing on a variety of aspects of health Microloans Privatized health care spending 17 Context Malawi is considered on track to achieve the Millennium Development Goal 4. Mortality among children less than 5 years of age decreased from 225 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 92 per 1,000 live births in 2010. Nevertheless, 53% of children under 5 years are stunted, and 4% are wasted. In 2006, only 27% of children with diarrhea received oral rehydration therapy, only 30% of children with suspected pneumonia received an antibiotic, and only 25% of children with fever received an appropriate antimalarial. Health Surveillance Assistant (HSA) Program HSAs are community-based health workers recruited and salaried by the Malawi Ministry of Health. This cadre of worker was established for smallpox vaccination in the 1960s and continued to serve evolving needs of the health system, including response to cholera outbreaks during the 1970s and 1980s and environmental health education and population surveillance in the 1990s. The current job description includes (1) promotion of hygiene and sanitation, (2) provision of health education, (3) home visitation and maintenance of community registers, (4) conducting community assessments, including public facility inspection, (5) disease surveillance, (6) conducting outreach clinics, including immunization, and (7) conducting village health clinics (VHCs) to provide iCCM services. Early Implementation of iCCM in Malawi. The WHO/UNICEF training materials on caring for the sick child in the community are a simplified version of the IMCI guidelines for first-level health workers and focus on the major causes of death among children under age 5 year. Community-based health workers learn to identify and treat uncomplicated cases of suspected pneumonia, fever (presumed malaria), and diarrhea and identify and refer children with danger signs, severe malnutrition, or other problems that they have not been trained to treat. By the end of 2010, all districts in Malawi had adopted the policy of iCCM, focusing on the establishment of VHCs by iCCM-trained HSAs in hard-to reach areas. In the context of Malawi’s HSA program, which of the following may be false? Vaccine preventable diseases like measles and polio would not be very prevalent because of herd immunity Malnutrition is a larger concern in Malawi than under five mortality Malawi appears to have a strong community public health system The government does not appear to be invested in the country’s health 18 Botswana has one of the highest rates of HIV in the world. A qualitative research study examined explanatory beliefs about mental illness, stigma, and interactions between HIV and mental illness among 42 adults. The study found that participants shared a variety of explanations for mental illnesses (e.g. witchcraft, drug use, evil eye). Of the following, which would not decrease stigma against mental illnesses in Botswana (assuming these resources/beliefs existed)? Mental health care is sufficiently funded by the government There is strong training of public health care providers on mental health Any one who has a mental illness is sent directly to in-patient psychiatric care There are a number of community based programs addressing mental health 19 Botswana has one of the highest rates of HIV in the world. A qualitative research study examined explanatory beliefs about mental illness, stigma, and interactions between HIV and mental illness among 42 adults. The study found that participants shared a variety of explanations for mental illnesses (e.g. witchcraft, drug use, evil eye). Which is an example of the most effective way of treating mental health in Botswana? Integrating diagnosis and treatment of mental illness into primary health care settings that is culturally relevant and accepting of local beliefs Focusing on community health programs only Increasing access to employment Increasing access to mental health medications 20 Why is neonatal death a hidden problem? Home delivery in remote sites don’t allow for official recording Neonatal deaths can be counted as still births Babies are not named until a certain period after being borned so they are not considered a person yet All of the above SCIENCE HEALTH SCIENCE NURSING HAPP 380

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