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Case Study
Mr Karl Bernstein is a 55-year-old German man, who presents to his local General Practitioner (GP) for his yearly health check.
Karl is obese with a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 31.
His is a non-smoker who walks around town once or twice a week.
Karl lives remotely and has limited access to fresh fruit and vegetables.
His favourite meal is a pie and chips, and he drinks one (1) litre of cola a day.
Four (4) years ago at his yearly check-up, Karl was diagnosed with hypertension (HPT) and was prescribed anti-hypertensive medication.
A blood test was taken to check his cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance test (GTT) and a full blood examination (FBE).
The blood test results were as follows:
7.2mmol/L serum cholesterol
6.4mmol/L fasting blood glucose
8.4mmol/L GTT
Karl was prescribed medications for hyperlipidaemia. Karl was instructed to change his lifestyle as he was pre-diabetic.
During this GP visit, repeat pathology were as follows:
6.5mmol/L serum cholesterol
7.9mmol/L fasting blood glucose
Karl is now diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). He is prescribed medications and told that he must change his lifestyle to manage this condition.
Describe the anatomy and pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
In your answer you must describe:
How sugar is used in the body,
The origin and function of insulin
How insulin production and utilisation fail in people with T2DM

 
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