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Question 4. The doctor has ordered EUC, Cholesterol (HDL/LDL), and Blood Glucose Level (BGL). Explain theses blood tests; why have they been order and what are their normal values? 

  Result  XX/XX/2021 09.30hrs Reference Range Comment/Rationale
Sodium 149 mmol/L 135-147 mmol/L

 

 

Chloride 105 mmol/L 95-107 mmol/L

 

 

Potassium 3.9 mmol/L 3.5-5.2 mmol/L

 

 

Urea 7.8 mmol/L 3-7.5 mmol/L

 

 

Creatinine 110 umol/L 60-110 umol/L

 

 

Cholesterol (HDL/LDL)

Total 7.5mmol/L

LDL 4.1

HDL 0.8

Triglycerides 2.6

Total 3.9-5.5mmol/L 

LDL 1.7-3.5mmol/L

HDL 0.9-2.1 mmol/L

Triglycerides <2mmol/L   Glucose 6.4 mmol/L 4-6mmol/L       PATHOGENESIS Question 5. Explain the associated pathophysiology of each of Evelyn's clinical manifestations  Clinical Manifestations Associated Pathophysiology Nursing Interventions headache     palpitations  Pulse: 88 beats/minute, irregular       BP: 174/92 mmHg 170/92mmHg (2nd reading 5 minutes after first reading)       Question 6: Describe the contribution to the pathogenesis of hypertension of Evelyn's risk factors   Total Cholesterol 5.5  LDL Cholesterol 3.0  HDL Cholesterol 2.5     Smoking cigarettes       Alcohol       Diet high in salt Diet low dietary potassium, calcium and magnesium     Diet high in saturated fat & sugar     Sedentary lifestyle/obesity (BMI=37) Waist measurement=100cm           TREATMENT: NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL Question 7. What are some evidence-based non-pharmacological interventions for Hypertension?                           TREATMENT: PHARMACOLOGICAL Question 8. Evelyn has been commenced on Captopril. Summarise the mechanism of action and adverse effects and Nursing considerations common anti-hypertensives in the table below. Class of drug Generic  examples of drugs Mechanism of action Potential adverse effects Nursing considerations Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors ACE inhibitors "prils" Captopril, Enalapril Lisinopril  Ramipril         Angiotensin II receptor antagonists         "sartans" Candesartan   Irbesartan   Losartan   Telmisartan   Valsartan           Calcium channel antagonists         "ines" Felodipine   Isredipine   Nicardipine   Nifedipine   Nisoldipine           Thiazide diuretics         Bendroflumethiazide Hydrochlorathiazide Chlotalidone indapamide       Beta-blockers         Non-selective (B1 and B2)  Propranolol   Carteolol Nadolol Penbutolol Pindolol Timolol  Selective and Specific (B1) Acebutolol Atenolol Betaxolol Bisoprolol Metoprolol                         SCIENCE HEALTH SCIENCE NURSING

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