One of the most crucial biological functions

One of the most crucial biological functions of the lungs is to expel trapped germs; emphysema impairs this function and raises the risk of life-threatening lung infections. studies have shown that the inflammatory response in smokers and ex-smokers is more or less similar [49, 50], indicating that ex-smokers also have long-lasting systemic inflammatory responses. Smokers and COPD patients have high levels of Beta cell activating factor expression, which promotes the development of lymphoid follicles and the survival of pulmonary B cells. Chronic Cigarette smoking exposure in mice causes a significant rise in BAFF expression, which produces tertiary lymphoid tissues and pulmonary antinuclear antibodies. According to a different study, prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke lowers airway BAFF levels, which increases influenza virus infection. All from different authors, summarise that explains smoking results in decreased immunity and immune response and inflammation

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