Please kelp me with my discussion post,

Please kelp me with my discussion post, thank you. This week, provide a progress report of your oral presentation by addressing the following: What steps do you plan to take to transition your paper to a presentation? Which key ideas will you focus on? What questions do you have about using the technology for your presentation? What recording device will you use? Share some tips and tricks you have learned for delivering a powerful presentation. How confident are you presenting your paper via video? Explain. What are your strengths and weaknesses when it comes to giving video presentations? How will you maximize your strengths? TOPIC: Fast-Food Intake and Obesity in Children Introduction Most of the human body’s processes require energy, which is obtained from food in the form of chemical energy, which, when transformed into metabolic energy, allows the synthesis of structural and hormonal compounds and enzymatic activity, among others. In children, energy needs are primarily those associated with tissue formation. The factors that determine these needs are basal metabolism, physical activity, and growth. To allow adequate growth and development, the average human diet must be provided according to age, sex, and physical activity, maintaining a proper proportion of the primary nutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins). Nutritional support for a growing human being is necessary for the growth and proper development of the child, which creates the basis for a responsible attitude to the child’s daily diet. Due to the multitude of external environmental conditions and socioeconomic changes, society’s cultural and everyday norms are constantly changing, with them, children’s eating habits. It has been noticed that many of them like to eat outside the home, and adults allow this format of eating, which gradually leads to the formation of bad habits in children (Poti, Duffey & Popkin, 2014). According to modern concepts, fast food is called “food that can be quickly served, ready to eat.” At the same time, the concepts of fast food and junk food are often used as synonyms since food is prepared in advance from frozen semi-finished products and, after heating, is quickly served to visitors (Braithwaite et al., 2014). It is impossible to say that all fast foods are unhealthy because, in conscientious restaurants, they can be prepared with high nutrients. Fast food culture is a new trend in industrial society, especially appealing to children and young people. Energy-intensive food high in sugar/fat/salt and low in the nutritional value of protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals is called junk food. Unfortunately, availability, supplementation-enhanced flavor, and marketing strategies make it popular with children and teenagers. One of the essential advantages of fast food outlets is that they focus on the maximum speed of service and are standardized to minimize waiting times. Thus, buyers can save time on home cooking, but the number of dishes is usually minimal. According to studies, almost 30% of children aged 4-19 consume fast food on a typical day in the United States. A systematic review of 23 studies concluded that fast food consumption positively correlates with being overweight in adults. Another study also showed that fast food leads to an increase in waist circumference due to the accumulation of visceral fat. A small-sample, retrospective, cross-sectional study of 529 working-age men also showed that unhealthy eating behaviors, such as fast food or overeating, promote positive energy balance and lead to long-term weight gain. Other studies obtained similar data (Braithwaite et al., 2014). This review is an analysis of published research data at various levels regarding several questions: is there an association between fast food intake and obesity among children and adolescents, and how the distance of fast-food restaurants from educational institutions correlates with the development of different metabolic pathologies? Full-text and abstract-bibliographic databases were used: Medline (using the Pubmed interface), Cochrane Library, clinicaltrials.gov, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, and scientific electronic libraries. Literature analysis was carried out over the last 20 years. The search for primary information sources was carried out using the following keywords (in English-language databases – with the appropriate translation): children; teenagers; fast food; fast food; unhealthy food; obesity; metabolic syndrome. Prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents Early childhood nutrition is especially crucial for children to experience healthy growth and development. For many working parents, it can be challenging to find the time, energy, and ingredients to make wholesome home-cooked meals; therefore, quick-service restaurant meals and pre-packaged foods can be a sensible option for families. Food laboratories are frequently used to perfect mass-produced and processed foods, and these businesses employ board strategies to boost their marketability. The combination of salt, sugar, and fat makes for addictive foods, and people frequently consume more than the advised serving size. While you can include salt, sugar from natural sources, and healthy fats in your meals, most fast food items are high in sodium, sugar, or high-fructose corn syrup. Snacks frequently contain food coloring, artificial flavors, additives, and preservatives to make them visually appealing to children (Rosenheck, 2008). Increased body fat is one of the symptoms of obesity, a disease that is also associated with high morbidity and mortality. Genetics, a poor diet, and a sedentary lifestyle are some of the risk factors for the development of obesity. The latter trait is shared by a large portion of the current population. In the last ten years, there has been a nearly 50% increase in the prevalence of obesity in children and adults, which is why the World Health Organization (WHO) has considered obesity an actual epidemic disease, The new scourge of Humanity. The traditional diet rich in cereals such as corn, from which tortillas are made, and legumes such as beans, is being abandoned to adopt a new culture of fast food, with high energy value, but poor in essential nutrients, heading finally to another form of poor nutrition (Crawford et al., 2008). The reasons that come to mind why someone could be obese would possibly include something related to food, specifically, the consumption of products that are commonly known as junk food and that, in general, they are foods poor in nutrients, with a high content of sugar, fat, and sodium. Thinking like this is not for less because among the population, there is even an expression that is usually used daily, and that is related to this fact: we are what we eat. However, even though food is an activity that occupies people every day, it seems that it has been carried out carelessly since the presence of overweight and obesity, especially in the case of girls and boys, has ceased to be a minor matter to become a phenomenon that requires immediate attention (Xue et al., 2016). There is also confusion regarding obesity and being overweight; are they the same? The answer is No. Although both cases occur because there are several calories ingested that are not spent and that end up, at first, generating overweight, in a later one, the surplus in caloric consumption may be such that one speaks of an “excess of overweight,” that is, of obesity. All of the above in informal terms since the World Health Organization (WHO) defines overweight and obesity, in the case of adults, in terms of the Body Mass Index (BMI), which is calculated by dividing the weight (kg) divided by the square of the height in meters. If the BMI is greater than or equal to 25, it is considered that there is overweight, but if it is greater than or equal to 30, it is already obesity (Wu et al., 2021). Obesity is an illness, and this fact can confuse because it is a non-communicable disease. In addition, this consideration is relatively recent since it was not until 1977 that the WHO classified it as such. In 1998, as additional data, said body named it The Epidemic of the 21st Century (Crawford et al., 2008). Obesity is a worrying fact because obesity is a disease that causes other diseases. In addition to possible psychosocial effects, those suffering from it may present health problems such as hypertension and type 2 diabetes, an even more serious complication that reduces their life expectancy and quality (Joseph et al., 2015). Childhood obesity is significant to consider because girls and boys are suffering from diseases, such as those already mentioned, which previously only occurred in adults Over the past few decades, childhood obesity has become an increasingly common phenomenon associated with an increase in the number of diseases related to obesity. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 1.9 billion people are overweight; in 2016, more than 650 million obese patients were registered. At the same time, 107.7 million children and adolescents in 2015 were overweight or obese. According to WHO estimates, by 2025, 70 million children under five years of age are expected to develop obesity (Wu et al., 2021). According to separate epidemiological studies, the prevalence of overweight children in different regions ranges from 5.5 to 11.8%, and about 5.5% of children living in rural areas and 8.5% are obese. Children – in the city The prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity is also steadily rising in developed nations; 25% of adolescents worldwide are overweight, and 15% are obese. Obesity in adulthood is significantly influenced by childhood obesity: 50% of children who were overweight at age six end up being obese, and this likelihood rises to 80% by adolescence. In China, a developing country with a population of over 1.4 billion, there has been a rapid increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children. In 2016, the number of obese children in China was 17.2% boys and 9.11% girls. Therefore, the fight against the epidemic of childhood obesity is of great importance in almost all countries of the world (Zhao et al., 2017). Weight, nutrient density, and mood Weight gain is probably the most well-known consequence of junk food. Dietary habits, sedentary behavior, screen eating, reduced vegetable intake, and higher consumption of snacks, fast food, and sugary drinks are all associated with higher rates of childhood obesity. Many of these foods are often high in calories and low in nutrients. As a result, these “extra” calories can contribute to both weight gain and micronutrient deficiencies. This can have adverse developmental effects, as various nutrients, vitamins, and minerals are needed for physical growth, neuromotor development, healthy immune function, and mental development. Increased weight gain may also affect perceived body image and low self-esteem, which can impact mood. It is also suggested that higher sugar consumption affects children’s moods (Rosenheck, 2008). Promotion of fast food among children and adolescents Adolescents aged 12-18 years show a decrease in the percentage of energy intake from home products, while the share of energy from fast food and fast food is constantly increasing. Around the world, fast food is promoted in different ways. Various ways of motivating the purchase of fast foods are involved, ranging from sponsorship of sports or cultural competitions with attractive gifts, television advertising with animations and cartoons, to attracting famous athletes and actors to advertise these products. In addition to advertising on television, other media (radio, magazines), campaign posters, and billboards are used. Movie theaters and other public places are actively involved in fast food marketing. These aggressive manipulations are essential in promoting children’s unhealthy diets high in fat, sodium, or sugar (Bowman et al., 2004). The facade of a fast-food restaurant building is significant for its promotion. This does not mean that it should be pretentious; most importantly, it should reflect the very concept of the institution. A signboard and shop windows should create such a view that every passer-by understands precisely what kind of institution is located here and what services you need to count on. As a rule, the walls are painted in neutral colors, and the main focus is on bright signs, advertising images, and large windows. Signboard A sign is the main element of outdoor advertising for any fast food restaurant. It should be as large as possible and necessarily luminous since its main task is to attract the attention of the maximum number of passers-by at any time of the day. At the same time, the sign does not have to be made of expensive materials, and the main thing is functionality. According to a study, average children in the US see one food advertisement every five minutes while watching TV. Foods high in sugar and fat are mostly advertised, such as fast food, cereals, sodas, and candy. According to the researchers, such advertising is especially acute for young children under the age of 10, who tend to view advertising as a truthful source of information. As a result, children may develop poor eating habits, so unsurprisingly, many do not eat healthy foods (Zhao et al., 2017). A growing number of countries are taking action to limit junk food advertising and other marketing methods directed at children to reduce the impact of unhealthy food advertising. In the United Kingdom, due to high levels of obesity among children, the government has decided to ban foods high in fat, salt or sugar on television from 6:00 pm to 9:00 pm, as studies show children’s television viewing peaks around the clock. After school, in particular during family viewing from 18:00 to 21:00. In Norway, Quebec (Canada), and Sweden, advertising is prohibited during children’s television programs. The Quebec law, passed in 1980, was the first to ban fast food marketing in print and electronic media to children under 13. As a result, fast food consumption decreased by 13%. While the rest of Canada saw a sharp rise in childhood obesity, Quebec, by contrast, had the lowest rate of childhood obesity (Grier et al., 2007). In 2008, South Korea passed a law banning junk food advertisements from being shown on television during the main viewing hours for children, namely from 5:00 pm to 7:00 pm. The ban was introduced for three years but has since been extended to this day. In Chile, more than half of all children aged six and 75% of the adult population are overweight or obese. In 2016, a law was passed prohibiting advertising junk food on television or radio from 6:00 am to 10:00 pm, where the audience is 20 percent children, and using cartoon characters to advertise junk food and selling junk food near schools. At the same time, a mandatory requirement for packaging such products is the presence of health warning labels (Zhao et al., 2017). In 2014, in Mexico, the Ministry of Health decided to restrict advertising for food and sugary drinks following the definition of a nutrient profile. The restrictions apply to TV programs, from 2:30 pm to 7:30 pm on weekdays and from 7:00 am to 7:30 pm on weekends, where more than 35% of the audience is under 13 years old. Initially, the restrictions concerned sugary drinks, potato chips, chocolates, and other confectionery (Braithwaite et al., 2014). Ireland bans advertising, sponsorship, and promotion of foods high in fat, sugar, and sodium on children’s television and radio programs where more than 50 percent of the audience is under 18. Celebrities are not allowed in ads that target children under 18 and cannot include stars. In general, junk food advertising can make up 25% of paid advertising across all channels (Andreyeva, Kelly & Harris, 2011). In Nigeria and Thailand, the national government must approve all food advertising. Singapore banned the marketing of sugar-sweetened beverages to young people. The National University of Singapore and Public Health researchers believe that the next logical step is to extend the ban to all unhealthy foods. According to a survey conducted in 2018 by the Health Promotion Council of Singapore, locals consume an average of 60 grams of sugar per day, well above the 25 grams recommended by the WHO. More than half of this comes from sugar-sweetened beverages. The Singapore Ministry of Health has said that drinking an extra 250 milliliters of sugar-sweetened beverages daily increases the risk of diabetes by up to 26%. In 2014, about 440,000 adults had diabetes; this number is predicted to rise to 1 million in 2050. Factors associated with fast food consumption in children and adolescents Fast food is gaining popularity in modern families living in large cities because working parents have less time to prepare meals. Most of the time, children are away from home, taking extra classes after school and eating fast food at school or elsewhere. Thus, according to a prospective study of 9919 adolescents participating in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (USA), all adolescents found a positive correlation between an increase in fast food consumption and an increase in body mass index (BMI). Socioeconomic status is an essential factor associated with the growing consumption of fast food. At the same time, manufacturers take into account the peculiarities of national cuisine, which also attracts children and teenagers. This trend is typical for all segments of the population: for example, children from wealthy families also prefer fast food to traditional food, despite the more significant material resources of parents and better knowledge in the field of nutrition (Taveras et al., 2006). Psychological dependence on fast food restaurants is even manifested in the fact that overweight children are much more likely to recognize fast food logos than other products. Factors associated with a preference for fast food include convenience, easy availability, taste, cost, and quick service at a fast-food store. Most fast-food eaters choose this food despite being well aware of the negative consequences of eating unhealthy foods. The relationship between fast food and obesity in children and adolescents Several studies have found a correlation between fast food and obesity in childhood. In Japan, a study was conducted on 2136 7th-grade students (12-13 years old) between 2004 and 2009. The results showed that adolescents’ weight and height ratio was associated with fast food (Poti, Duffey & Popkin, 2014). The results showed that many students (41.2%) had multiple fast food outlets within 750 meters. High exposure (2 or more fast food outlets in a 750m area) was significantly positively correlated with the consumption of unhealthy meals at lunch, which was related to school characteristics (rural/urban and deprivation) After adjusting the variables. , adolescents (age, sex, perceived health status), and their families (marital status and parental education) (Poti, Duffey & Popkin, 2014). Specifically, the results also showed that going to fast food restaurants explained 7.5% of the variation in eating junk food at lunchtime more than once a week. Young people who attend schools with two or more fast food outlets within a 750-meter radius are at risk of eating junk food at lunchtime twice a week. Other studies have also reported that 13.5% of the excessive consumption of junk food is attributable to the young people living in areas where the density of restaurants-minute is higher (0.87 restaurants-minute per km2 or more). Given that fast food is designed to be absorbed relatively quickly, much recent research has been done on the effect of the speed of food intake on metabolic characteristics. Children who eat faster have been shown to have increased energy intake (greater appetite), increased BMI, and abdominal obesity (Fraser et al., 2012). Numerous population-based studies confirm that faster food absorption is associated with increased energy intake during meals, higher BMI scores, and obesity. A two-fold difference in calorie intake between active and calm children was found: fast eaters consume, on average, 75% more calories than slow eaters. More excellent food intake rates are related to bite size and longer chewing time. Based on these findings, it was proposed to increase the saturating capacity of the consumed energy due to a more prolonged oral-sensory exposure. A comparison of microstructural food intake patterns at mealtimes has shown that obese children have faster food intake rates than healthy-weight children, achieved through larger food bites and fewer chews per bite. More prolonged chewing has a dual protective effect against overconsumption, promoting satiety by stopping food intake earlier and increasing satiety between meals. At the same time, the main features of the food culture and motivation that underlie a more extended or faster meal remain unclear but will be of crucial importance for a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the eating style that causes obesity (Joseph et al., 2015). Obese children tend to eat faster than normal-weight children and show less variability in their eating patterns. A positive relationship has been demonstrated between the hereditary component of feeding speed with BMI status among school-age children. However, some studies have failed to show an association between meal speed and weight status, highlighting stable behavioral eating patterns in preschool children (Mohammadbeigi et al., 2018). In child growth and development studies, food intake speed has also been identified as a behavioral marker of perceived weight and fat gain. In 2009, a survey of quantitative differences in eating behavior affecting body weight was published in children from 406 families. Early assessment of these traits can indicate children’s predisposition to weight gain (Wu et al., 2021). The relationship between eating behavior and being overweight among adolescents (12-13 years old) in Japan has been shown. The study involved 3256 schoolchildren. Among them, the rapid absorption of food was characteristic of overweight students; in addition, it was found that the combination of a fast meal speed and complete overeating can significantly impact overweight (Wu et al., 2021). The relationship between eating behavior (speed of eating and calorie content of main meals) and being overweight in Japanese preschool children has been studied. The study covered 1138 preschool children aged 6-7 from 7 kindergartens. Meal speed and excess energy intake during main meals are associated with being overweight in preschoolers. Relationship between food environment, deprivation, overweight and obesity in children. In 2014, a study by the National Child Measurement Program (NCMP) was published, showing that the prevalence of overweight and obesity among participating UK children was associated with geographic differences in the characteristics of the food environments. It was established to exist. This association was stronger for preschoolers aged 10 to 11 than children aged 4 to 5. There is little evidence that dietary characteristics mediate this age group’s known association between dietary restriction and body weight (Goon, Bipasha & Islam, 2014). The relationship between deprivation and weight has been well-studied in the UK, Canada, the US, New Zealand, and Europe. Moreover, research consistently shows that overweight and obese children are most often from socio-economically disadvantaged areas. Another study involving children between 3 and 14 discovered similar associations between fast food restaurant density, deficiency, overweight, and obesity. Canadian research Although kids in poorer schools consumed fewer calories and spent more time watching television and using computers, there was no difference in their weight status between those schools and those in wealthier neighborhoods. In a sample of 9-10-year-old kids, a British study found a correlation between nearby fast food restaurants, weight, and food intake. It should be noted that most studies, mostly in urban areas, relied on small population samples (Andreyeva, Kelly & Harris, 2011). In studies where no relationship was observed between food quality and the population status of children, this could be explained by the lack of differences in the type of environment studied in which the populations were found. Studies have also shown that certain environmental or regional factors, such as advertising, family food customs, or deprivation, impact younger children more than older children. In conclusion, the abundance of fast food restaurants and other unhealthful eating places close to schools may only partially account for the relationship between childhood poverty and childhood obesity. The remoteness of fast food outlets from educational institutions and the development of metabolic pathologies in children and adolescents (Andreyeva, Kelly & Harris, 2011) There is increasing evidence that the food restaurants close to schools impact how children eat and how much they weigh because children frequently spend a large portion of their busy time there. One trip to a store nearby a school added an average of 360 kilocalories to a student’s diet, according to another study, and kids were more likely to buy high-calorie, low-nutrient foods from these establishments. A published systematic review found a positive relationship between various food sales near schools and obesity among their students. Limited evidence suggests a strong association between schools’ proximity to the obesity-producing external food environment and weight status across all grades; however, some researchers report a more extraordinary relationship in the lower rates. A recent New York City study showed a positive relationship between fast food outlets, overweight, and obesity in middle/high school students. Two studies (cross-sectional and prospective) involving a total of 26,473 adolescents found some evidence of a stronger positive association between dietary environments near schools and obesity among more socio-economically disadvantaged children and schoolchildren. A higher concentration of fast-food outlets and convenience stores near schools has been found in socio-economically underprivileged areas than near schools in affluent areas. However, many scientists emphasize the importance of additional studies on any differences in the influence of food points near schools on obesity in children from all socioeconomic strata (Fraser et al., 2012). Schools differ in how food is served in many regions and even more so in countries, while fast food is widely available in schools in many states. School cafeteria owners are reluctant to follow a balanced, nutritious diet; display cases offer schoolchildren cold sugary drinks, chips, and many other foods with low nutritional value. Junk food in school cafeterias often competes with nutritious homemade school meals. Some countries have introduced a healthy lunch program in public schools. Commercial food-related activities are restricted in primary schools in many European countries. Drinks can be offered to secondary school students only with the consent and control of teachers and parents (Paeratakul et al., 2003). Energy and fatigue We have all heard of the” sugar rush ” followed by ” crash ”. Sugar is easy to absorb and breaks down into smaller sugar particles like glucose. Glucose is an important energy source, and the body appreciates it very much. If one overeats sugar, there will be a rapid spike in blood glucose, and the body will respond by storing as much sugar as possible. In haste, the body can store too much glucose without leaving enough to ensure optimal functioning. This can lead to a feeling of fatigue or an accident. Although the idea of the ” rush ” and ” crash” is debated, sugar consumption has been associated with higher levels of fatigue and lower mental alertness within an hour of ingesting it. Brain function The brain is a complicated structure, and food choices can influence cognition. A higher intake of fiber-rich foods like fruits and vegetables has also been associated with better brain function in children. However, increased consumption of fast foods, packaged foods, and sugary drinks at age three was associated with poorer school performance at age 10 (Dhar & Baylis, 2011). While junk food can negatively impact brain function itself, part of the impact is likely to be choosing to eat junk food instead of more nutritious food. This removes the possibility of ingesting essential nutrients. For example, a child’s developing brain needs high amounts of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid. DHA is one of the main ingredients in fish oil, but junk food is unlikely to contain significant amounts of DHA. Low intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids like DHA in early childhood can impact brain development and thinking patterns (Paeratakul et al., 2003). Behavior and attention span Although still a controversial topic, there are concerns that artificial food colors or dyes may influence children’s behavior. More specifically, these dyes are suggested to exacerbate attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, and eliminating them may have benefits. Although further testing is needed to understand this mechanism, children may be more sensitive to the effects of additives and food preservative compounds. Since bright colors are often found in treats and snacks intended for children, the compound load may be higher than that of adults. In addition, children are still developing their organ systems (Andreyeva, Kelly & Harris, 2011) Chronic disease The rise in childhood obesity has played a role in higher amounts of chronic diseases usually seen in adults. Childhood obesity is associated with type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, fatty liver disease, sleep apnea, and cholesterol problems. It also increases the risk of developing a condition known as metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a combination of increased abdominal weight, blood sugar, high blood pressure, and cholesterol problems and can cause fatty liver disease (Goon, Bipasha & Islam, 2014). Preventive measures to reduce the consumption of fast food by children and adolescents The WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health, adopted by the World Health Assemblies in 2004, calls for concrete, urgent action at the global, regional, and local levels to improve nutrition and increase physical activity in children and adolescents. The 2011 United Nations General Assembly High-Level Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases recognizes the high importance of reducing the prevalence of unhealthy diets and physical inactivity among the population. It also contains a commitment to promote the implementation of the WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and Health, including actions to promote healthy diet and physical activity. At the 2012 World Health Assembly, countries agreed to counter the further spread of childhood obesity. It is one of six global nutrition targets to improve maternal, infant, and young child nutrition by 2025 (Mohammadbeigi et al., 2018). The Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases 2013-2020 was created to enact the UN Political Declaration’s commitments (approved by Heads of State and Government in September 2011). The implementation of this plan should help the world reach its nine non-communicable disease goals by 2025, including stabilizing global indicators for the fight against obesity among children, teenagers, and adults (Wu et al., 2021). The key recommendation from the Committee on Childhood Obesity Report 2016 is to study children’s behavioral responses to the modern dietary environment that causes obesity as a critical target in the fight against childhood obesity. The report acknowledges that eating behavior emerges and stabilizes early in life and is associated with higher energy intake and rapid weight gain among children under five. Thus, behavioral and nutritional strategies play a critical role in preventing childhood obesity. As opposed to the concept of fast food (fast food), some researchers are actively introducing the slow eating model as an essential concept of behavioral eating. This model has been officially r

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