Please answer to my professor question, I’ll

Please answer to my professor question, I’ll attache my post and his question, thank you. My post: Prompt 1: Explain in detail the pathogenesis of DM Type 1 & 2 and DKA Type 1 Diabetes: Pancreatic beta cells are being destroyed. Due to the destruction of beta cells, insulin production will decrease, the liver will not regulate glucose, and hyperglycemia will be present in a fasted state. Glucose from food will remain in the bloodstream as opposed to the metabolic process of the liver. Glycosuria will be present in urine, and there will be an excessive loss of fluids to osmotic diuresis. Ketone production will result from the fat breakdown (Banasik & Copstead, 2018). Type 2 Diabetes: Insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. Belleza (2020) stated, “Insulin could not bind with the special receptors, so insulin becomes less effective at stimulating glucose uptake and regulating glucose release.” There is still enough insulin to break down ketones and fat production. Uncontrolled type 2 DM can lead to hyperglycemia, nonketotic syndrome, and hyperosmolar. Patients might experience polyuria, fatigue, blurred vision, etc. Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): insulin deficiency leading to hyperglycemia rapidly producing gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, and lack of glucose utilization. Free fatty acids are converted to ketone bodies by increasing lipolysis and decreasing lipogenesis ( Gusmano & Kitabchi, 2018). Metabolic acidosis will occur as well as hyperkalemia. It can lead to hypovolemic shock. Prompt 2: Explain how Ms. Fernandez’s past medical history correlates to her current condition Ms. Fernandez seems not to make time for her physical and mental health. It appears that she is stressed by her four kids, which causes her to drink and smoke. She thought her chronic illnesses would go away by getting a gastric bypass, but she does not stay disciplined post-surgery. In addition, she already presented gestational diabetes 12 years ago, and weight and diabetes are factors for endocrine dysfunction. It was only time due to her lifestyle choices. Unfortunately, if she does not create and implement this plan with her dietician, she will progress, and her medical condition will worsen, left untreated and uncontrolled. Prompt 3: Describe treatments that would be used for DM and DKA Treatments: for DM: 1 insulin therapy depending on the type and severity (ex. Type 1 and severe case of Type 2), 2) nutrition management, 3) physical activities, 4) oral medications (ex. Metformin or Januvia) Treatments For DKA: provide hydration back to the body by 0.9% normal saline since many patients will feel dehydrated due to polyuria, prevent rapid sugar drop by slowly infusing regular insulin and check blood sugar levels hourly, and electrolyte therapy (Banasil & Copstead, 2019). Houldsworth A., 2016. Catalase polymorphism May Influence the Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Endocrinology and Diabetes, 3(6), pp.1-7. Banasik, J. L., & Copstead, L. C. (2018). Pathophysiology (6th ed.) Elsevier Gezonbheidszorg. Belleza, R. M. N. (2020, June 4). Diabetes Mellitus. Nurseslabs. http://nurseslabs.com/diabetes-mellitusLinks to an external site. Gosmanov AR, Kitabchi AE. Diabetic Ketoacidosis. [Updated 2018 Apr 28]. IN: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, et al., editors. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc., 2000-. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nih.gov/books/NBK279146/ Professor question: Hi Karine, Thank you for sharing your discussion post with us this week and thank you for answering all three discussion prompts. When you mentioned “Type 1 Diabetes: Pancreatic beta cells are being destroyed.” what destroys them and how? What do you mean by “the liver will not regulate glucose” when you wrote “insulin production will decrease, the liver will not regulate glucose, and hyperglycemia will be present in a fasted state.” And what is considered hyperglycemia? In prompt one you wrote “There is still enough insulin to break down ketones and fat production.” Does insulin break down ketones? And finally, Please explain in details how the body develop metabolic ketoacidosis? Why it is metabolic and how is it acidosis? Dr. Ken

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