Please respond to this post. There must

Please respond to this post. There must be one citation. APA format. It should be at the end of the sentence & the end of the post. . 300 word is enough. Black American’s and COPD Black individuals have a long history of health disparities in the United States. The Institute of Medicine put forth a report in 2003 titled “Unequal Treatment.” The conclusion of this report stated that black and Hispanic American’s receive unequal and lesser quality healthcare than NHW (Nelson, 2002). The black culture in America has significantly higher rates of poverty, and uninsured individuals. Poverty rates were reported by the US Census Bureau in 2017, showing black individuals at 22%, NWH at 8.8% and Hispanics at 19.4%. This disparity in income roles over into disparity of healthcare (Ejike et al., 2019). Let’s look at a specific health disparity in the black American population, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Black American’s do not have a disproportionately higher rate of COPD than the average population. In fact, they have slightly lower rates than the non-Hispanic white population (NHW). A recent study reported that approximately 6.1% of black individual’s suffer from COPD, while 6.4% of NHW have been diagnosed (Ejike et al., 2019). The difference lies in the treatment of these disorders. Data pulled between the years of 1980 and 2000 show that the death rate from COPD rose 20% faster in the black population when compared to the NHS population. The data also showed that blacks were more likely to seek care in emergency departments and be hospitalized, with lower rates of physician office visits for COPD treatment (Ejike et al., 2019). General risk factors for COPD include smoking (causing 85-90% of all cases) and secondhand smoke, exposure to air pollution or chemical fumes, childhood respiratory disease history, and the rare genetic condition Alpha-1 deficiency. Smoking is by far the biggest risk factor in developing COPD (What Causes COPD, n.d.). The specific population of black Americans are at greater risk from smoking due to their genetic disposition to lower baseline lung function. This can cause accelerated lung function loss, which puts this group at increased risk of COPD and complications (Ejike et al., 2019). The U.S. Preventative task force recommends against COPD screening unless a patient has specific symptoms of coughing, dyspnea, or the family history of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. If they are positive for any of these concerns, a questionnaire should be filled out, and if enough concerns are present, further testing will be done (Screening for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 2016). Strategies for prevention need to focus heavily on keeping people from starting to smoke and helping those that smoke quit. Prevention needs to start in the schools with teenagers and young adults. Education campaigns are already in place in many public schools in America. Parents needs to be educated about the risk of their children smoking and how to have effective conversations regarding these risks. Many states have COPD action plans already implemented, states that do not should be encouraged to have such a plan in place (Public Health Strategic Framework for COPD Prevention, 2011). Health promotion needs to start early and continue across the lifespan.

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