Fred, a fit and healthy 44-year-old, worked

Fred, a fit and healthy 44-year-old, worked outside one warm summer afternoon. When he returned home by the end of the day, his lower back felt sore, and he felt nauseated. His wife made him dinner, but Fred was not hungry and chose to go to bed instead. Fred’s symptoms progressed, and soon he was rolling on the bed with excruciating pain. He said his back hurt, as well as his stomach and groin area. The pain would ease off only to return a short while later, and when it did, Fred would begin to sweat and run to the bathroom to vomit. When his symptoms were relieved, she helped him into the car and rushed him to the hospital. In the emergency department, an abdominal radiograph showed the presence of renal calculi in Fred’s right ureter (urolithiasis). As the emergency department registered nurse caring for this client, explain the mechanism of stone formation in the kidney. What additional diagnostic studies do you anticipate? Hydronephrosis can be a complication of renal calculi. Explain hydronephrosis. What are the appropriate treatments for this client?

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