Citation: Redfern, R. E, Chen, J. T.,

Citation: Redfern, R. E, Chen, J. T., & Sibrel, S. (2018). Effects of thermomechanical stimulation during vaccination on anxiety, pain, and satisfaction in pediatric patients: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 38(2018), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2017.09.009. 1. What did the authors state were the purposes of the study? Select all that apply. a. To determine whether cold and vibration affect the pain experienced by children during vaccination b. To investigate the feasibility of utilizing a vibration device during pediatric vaccination. c. To assess whether cold and vibration affect pediatric anxiety before vaccination d. To determine whether Buzzy use affects parent satisfaction during their children’s vaccination e. To assess whether children report better pain scores when cold is applied prior to vaccination than when vibration is applied 2. What factors did the authors report as contributing to the power analysis? Select all that apply. a. An effect size of pain scores 3 ± 1.5 for the experimental group and 4 ± 2.0 for the control group. b. 80% power c. 50 pediatric patients d. Randomization e. Level of statistical significance of 0.05 f. A lack of researcher blinding 3. What type of research design is this? Select all that apply. a. Descriptive b. Correlational c. Quasi-experimental d. Experimental e. Basic f. Applied 4. What was the population of interest for this study? Select all that apply. a. The Buzzy device b. Children receiving vaccinations c. Parents of children receiving vaccinations d. Healthcare providers administering vaccinations to children e. Siblings of children receiving vaccinations 5. An abstract should contain specifics about the research study. Which of the following were specified in this abstract? Select all that apply. a. The study objective b. The level of statistical significance set by the researchers c. The key results d. The implications for practice e. Specific statistical tests used f. All instruments used to measure variables 6. The authors reported the use of a randomization schedule. What was its purpose? a. To place every second participant into either the treatment or control group b. To determine the time at which recruited participants would be randomized into groups c. To satisfy the requirements of the Institutional Review Board d. To randomly assign each participant to either treatment or control group 7. Which statements are true regarding the use of the Wong Baker Faces Pain Scale as a data collection tool in this study? Select all that apply. a. The scale has a high reliability score. b. The scale was used to assess the parent’s rating of the child’s pain. c. The scale was used to assess the independent observer’s rating of the child’s pain. d. The scale was used to assess parental anxiety about the vaccination event. e. The scale was used to assess what the child predicted his or her pain would be upon. vaccination 8. What type of sampling method was used in this study? a. Cluster b. Systematic random c. Convenience d. Simple random 9. How were subjects recruited for this study? a. Clinic staff solicited parents about participation during phone calls reminding parents of the upcoming appointment. b. Parents were solicited via social media. c. Presumably, parents were approached when bringing their children to the clinic for routine vaccination. d. Researchers solicited parents over the phone in advance of their child’s next routine vaccination. 10. The authors presented previous research in this general topic area in the literature review. In comparison with studies in the literature review, what was unique about this study? Select all that apply. a. The researchers investigated pediatric pain perceptions of venipuncture. b. The pediatric participants receiving vaccination ranged in age from as young as 3 years old to 18 years old. c. The researchers investigated the joint analgesic effects of cold and vibration. d. The study assessed the use of Buzzy in a clinical setting for the first time. e. The researchers investigated cold and vibration treatment for a different type of painful procedure. 11. What were the limitations of the study? Select all that apply. a. The children received vaccinations from different nurses. b. The pediatric patients were not blinded to the intervention. c. The ages of the children ranged from 3 to 18 years. d. Children in the control group were allowed to sit on a parent’s lap during vaccination. e. Only mothers accompanied children during vaccination. 12. At what level of measurement did the researchers place the independent variable in the study? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio 13. The authors described how they modified the Wong Baker Faces Pain Scale for use in assessing anxiety. What is a limitation resulting from this methodological choice? a. As a tool newly modified for this study, the scale lacks established reliability and validity. b. The original Wong Baker Faces Pain Scale was developed for use by children. c. The scale uses faces and numbers to assess level of anxiety. d. The scale was explained to children and parents prior to its implementation. 14. What was the independent variable in this study? a. Buzzy b. The Wong Baker Faces Pain Scale c. Children receiving vaccinations d. Pain and anxiety 15. What were the sample’s exclusion criteria? Select all that apply. a. Child’s age over 3 years b. Parents or child do not speak English c. Child has Reynaud’s syndrome d. Child has developmental delay e. Child scheduled for more than one vaccination f. Child had past experience with Buzzy g. Child has sickle cell disease 16. For what purpose did the authors employ the Student t-test in their analysis of the data? a. To determine the reliability of the Wong Baker Faces Pain Scale b. To determine differences between children who used Buzzy and children who did not c. To assess whether parents rated their experience as same, better, or worse than expected d. To determine whether parental satisfaction was caused by parental rating of child pain 17. What aspects of the Wong Baker Faces Pain Scale supported its use in this research study? Select all that apply. a. A reported Cronbach alpha of 0.93 b. Test-retest reliability of r = 0.90 c. Validity for use with children under 3 years of age d. The fact that there were significant findings in this study e. The scale allows for biopsychosocial assessment of pain 18. What are the clinical implications of this study? Select all that apply. a. Healthcare practitioners may want to use Buzzy or a similar device to improve children’s experiences with vaccinations. b. The cost and time involved with using Buzzy may not outweigh the potential benefits. c. If Buzzy is used during vaccination, healthcare practitioners may see improved satisfaction ratings of the office visit by children’s parents. d. Healthcare practitioners who apply cold prior to vaccination should continue with this practice. 19. The researchers were concerned that pre-exposure to Buzzy may influence the children’s perceptions of pain and anxiety. What did the researchers do to mitigate the potential effects of pre-exposure? a. Parents of children were blinded to whether their child received the Buzzy intervention or not. b. The researchers excluded children from the study who had previous experiences with Buzzy. c. The researchers waited until moments before the needle stick to introduce and demonstrate Buzzy to each child. d. The research protocol included showing a video introducing the Buzzy device rather than allowing the children to touch and turn on Buzzy before vaccination. 20. The researchers utilized the Pearson correlation coefficient in data analysis. They reported that observer-reported pain scores were correlated with children’s pain scores at R = 0.49. The researchers also reported that parent ratings of satisfaction were correlated with parent ratings of their child’s pain at R = 0.58. How should these R-values be interpreted? Select all that apply. a. The values represent a positive association between the variables. b. The values represent a negative association between the variables. c. The values represent a weak association between the variables. d. The values represent a weak-to-moderate association between the variables. e. The values represent a moderate-to-strong association between the variables. 21. Missing data in the study were imputed using Markov Chain Monte Carlo method with multiple imputations. What does this mean? a. The study results are not believable. b. Some data were incomplete, so the researchers used defined statistical methods for managing this situation. c. When participants had missing information, researchers used a deck of cards to assign replacement values. d. If data were missing from a participant, the participant’s information was removed from analysis. 22. The researchers reported that ordinal variable regression analysis identified the predictors of child-reported pain. What is true regarding these results? Select all that apply. a. In the final analysis, BMI was the strongest predictor of children’s pain. b. Both BMI and age were significant predictors of pain in the multivariate analysis. c. Age was the strongest predictor of pain. d. The regression analysis examined together the extent of influence of age, gender, BMI, previous needle procedures, and intervention group assignment on child-reported pain. e. The purpose of this statistical test is to find the line of best fit among values as they would appear on a scatterplot. 23. What emerged from the study findings and could be investigated in future study? a. What is the best age at which to implement the Buzzy intervention? b. Should children’s ratings of pain be believed? c. Is the FLACC scale a better measurement of the young child’s pain than the Wong Baker Faces Pain scale? d. Are ratings of children’s pain made by observers similar to the ratings made by parents? 24. What is the dependent variable, as stated in the study’s main objective? a. Buzzy b. Children’s anxiety c. Parent’s satisfaction d. Children’s pain 25. What is the purpose of Fig. 2? a. To present the literature review procedures. b. To describe flow of participants through the randomized controlled trial c. To note the number of study participants who were included in the treatment and control groups d. To list the reasons for study attrition 26. Why did the researchers use a two-group design, instead of using one group with twice as many subjects and comparing children’s pain with the Buzzy device with children’s recalled pain at a previous immunization? Select all that apply. a. The memory of past injections may be less reliable than a measurement performed immediately after the injection. b. Injection pain decreases as children age. This would favor a finding of decreased pain in all subjects, giving false support for the intervention. c. A two-group study with random assignment to group provides a higher level of evidence than a one-group study would provide. d. The two-group design is less expensive. e. Vaccination needles used in the past were more painful, so pain scores given during the study could be influenced more by needle selection than by Buzzy, making it difficult to show which aspect of the vaccination is related to any change in pain score. Note: You can complete part two below or submit another document. SCIENCE HEALTH SCIENCE NURSING NUR 302

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