First 20 questions are True/False: 1.)Descriptive epidemiology is essential for

First 20 questions are True/False: 1.)Descriptive epidemiology is essential for “characterizing the outbreak” by time, place, and person, but has little bearing on the analytic epidemiology. Group of answer choices True False 2.)During the adaptation period, the host may successfully resist the disease. Group of answer choices True False 3.)Germ theory was the belief that the disease was caused by exposure to bad air associated with putrifying bogs. Group of answer choices True False 4.)Sentinel surveillance involves monitoring for events within specific groups that might sere as a warning. Group of answer choices True False 5.)A period prevalence question could include: “Have you had asthma during the last year?” Group of answer choices True False 6.)One hundred people followed for 1 year is different from 50 people followed for 2 years when calculating person years. Group of answer choices True False 7.)Best indicators of health in a nation are infant mortality and life expectancy Group of answer choices True False 8.)Secular changes are fluctuation in disease prevalence typically over a year time period (i.e. flu) Group of answer choices True False 9.)Artifactual observed changes may be attributed to error in the denominator, error in the numerator or both Group of answer choices True False 10.)Highly sensitive tests are useful for ruling in disease. Group of answer choices True False 11.)Screening programs are useful for primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. Group of answer choices True False 12.)Efficacy studies answer the questions “Does the treatment really work when actually taken as prescribe?” Group of answer choices True False 13.)Nonconcurrent controls are controls selected from a previous time of treatment and used to compare with outcome of those currently receiving the intervention. Group of answer choices True False 14.)One of the purposes of a parallel study design is to test two drugs at the same time (“2 studies for the price of one”). Group of answer choices True False 15.)A fomite is an article that has been contaminated and can convey infection. Group of answer choices True False 16.)Infectivity is the capacity of an agent to enter and infect a susceptible host. Group of answer choices True False 17.)The lower the herd immunity, the less likely there will be an outbreak. Group of answer choices True False 18.)In managing an epidemic and controlling the outbreak it is important to communicate the findings of the outbreak investigation. True/False 19.)Power calculation for the sample size needed is based on a formula which included Beta (probability of type II error). Group of answer choices True False 20.)Prevalence is equal to the incidence of disease multiplied by the duration of disease. Group of answer choices True False 21.)The strength of an association is one of the criteria for evaluating the cause and effect relationship between an exposure and outcome. Which of the following is a measure of the strength of association? Group of answer choices the ratio of odds of exposure among cases to the odds of exposure among the non-cases odds of disease among exposed relative to the prevalence of exposure in the source population incidence rate among the exposed cumulative incidence among the exposed None of the answers are correct 22.) Experimental studies include which of the following: Group of answer choices Clinical Trials Clinical Trials and Field Trials Field Trials Case series None of the answers are correct Case crossover 23.) What are critical variables in evaluating and outbreak: Group of answer choices None of the answers are correct Incubation period Disease onset Time of exposure All are correct 24.)In a hypothetical clinical trial, a new drug was compared with “standard therapy” treatment. The endpoint was myocardial infarction. Which of the following best describes the primary reason to randomize patients to treatments? Group of answer choices To create two treatment groups that are similar at baseline on both known and unknown factors associated with myocardial infarction. Prevent bias introduced when the investigators know what type of treatment the patients are receiving Prevent bias introduced when the patients know what type of treatment they are receiving None of the answers are correct 25.)The purpose of a double blind or double masked study is to: Group of answer choices Avoid subject bias and sampling variation None of the answers are correct Avoid observer bias and sampling variation Achieve comparability of treated and untreated subjects Avoid observer and subject bias Reduce the effects of sampling variation 26.) The reporting of birth defects was provided in accord with state statutes, and grouping of birth defects categories followed the National Centers for Health Statistics guidelines (page 394 second paragraph – methods). This reporting of birth defects is an example of which of the following types of data collection methods. Group of answer choices passive surveillance ongoing cross sectional survey follow-up study of a dynamic population active surveillance 27.)When a new treatment is developed that prevents death from an otherwise highly fatal disease, but does not produce a cure for the disease, which of the following will occur? (check one) Group of answer choices Prevalence of the disease will increase Incidence of the disease will increase No change in the prevalence of the disease Incidence and prevalence of the disease will decrease Prevalence of the disease will decrease 28.) The Hawthorne Effect is: Group of answer choices Drop in the natural curve of a disease occurrence due to unforeseen reasons None of the answers are correct Withdrawal of subjects from a clinical trial due to unknown reasons Subjects in a clinical trial liking the attention and reporting improvements Improvement in subjects due to the natural normal improvement in their condition 29.)Which of the following test type or approach would be beneficial in finding all young teenagers (13 years old detained at juvenile hall) that might test positive for an STD and in need of immediate antibiotic treatment? Group of answer choices Interview testing Sequential testing Simultaneous testing None of the answers are correct Multiphasic testing 30.)The extent to which a specific health care treatment, service, procedure, program, or other intervention produces a beneficial result under ideal controlled conditions is its: Group of answer choices Efficiency Efficacy None of the answers are correct Effect modification Effectiveness 31.) A randomized trial comparing the efficacy of two drugs showed a difference between the two (with a P value <0.05). Assume that in reality, however, the two drugs do not differ. This is therefore an example of: Group of answer choices Type II error (beta error) 1-beta None of the answers are correct 1-alpha Type I error (alpha error) 32.)A screening test is used in the same way in two similar populations, but the proportion of false-positive results among those who test positive in population A is lower than that among those who test positive in population B. What is the likely explanation for this finding? Group of answer choices The prevalence of disease is higher in population A The specificity of the test is lower in population A It is impossible to determine what caused the difference The prevalence of disease is lower in population A 33.)Which of the following is an advantage of active surveillance? Group of answer choices Relies on different disease definitions to account for all cases Reporting systems can be developed quickly More accurate due to reduced reporting burden for health care providers Is relatively inexpensive to employ Requires less project staff 34a.) For the fraction shown below, indicate whether it is an incidence proportion (also known as just incidence), incidence rate, prevalence, crude mortality or none of the answers. Equation: Number of women in Framingham Study who have new diagnosed heart disease through last year divided by number of person-years (total person time) contributed through last year by women initially enrolled in the Framingham Study Group of answer choices Incidence proportion (incidence) Prevalence None of the answers are correct Crude mortality Incidence rate 34b.) For the fraction shown below, indicate whether it is an incidence proportion (incidence), incidence rate, prevalence, crude mortality or none of the answers. Equation: Number of women in town of Framingham who reported having heart disease in recent health survey divided by number of women residents of Framingham during same period Group of answer choices crude mortality Incidence proportion (incidence) Prevalence None of the answers are correct Incidence rate 34c.) For the fraction shown below, indicate whether it is an incidence proportion (incidence), incidence rate, prevalence, crude mortality or none of the answers. Equation: Number of women in Framingham Study newly diagnosed with heart disease last year divided by number of women in Framingham Study without heart disease at beginning of same year Group of answer choices Prevalence Incidence proportion (incidence) Incidence rate Crude mortality None of the answers are correct 34d.) For the fraction shown below, indicate whether it is an incidence proportion (incidence), incidence rate, prevalence, crude mortality or none of the answers. Equation: Number of women in State A newly diagnosed with heart disease in 2004 divided by number of women living in State A on July 1, 2004 Group of answer choices Incidence rate Incidence proportion (incidence) None of the answers are correct Prevalence Crude mortality 34e.) For the fraction shown below, indicate whether it is an incidence proportion (incidence), incidence rate, prevalence, crude mortality or none of the answers. Equation: Number of women with preexisting diabetes in State A according to 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Survey divided by number of women living in State A on July 1, 2004 Group of answer choices Incidence rate None of the answers are correct Prevalence Incidence proportion (incidence) Crude mortality 34f.) For the fraction shown below, indicate whether it is an incidence proportion (incidence), incidence rate, prevalence, crude mortality or none of the answers. Equation: Number of women in State A who reported having heart disease in 2004 health survey divided by number of women smokers in State A according to 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Survey Group of answer choices Crude mortality None of the answers are correct Incidence proportion (incidence) Incidence rate Prevalence 35a.Which term (Endemic, Outbreak or Pandemic) best describes the pattern of occurrence of the three diseases noted below in a single area? Disease 1: usually 40-50 cases per week; last week, 48 cases Group of answer choices Pandemic Outbreak No answer text provided. Endemic 35b.Which term (Endemic, Outbreak or Pandemic) best describes the pattern of occurrence of the three diseases noted below in a single area? Disease 2: usually fewer than 10 cases per year; last week, 1 case Group of answer choices Pandemic Endemic No answer text provided. Outbreak 35c.Which term (Endemic, Outbreak or Pandemic) best describes the pattern of occurrence of the three diseases noted below in a single area? Disease 3: usually no more than 2-4 cases per week; last week, 13 cases Group of answer choices Outbreak Endemic Pandemic No answer text provided. 37a. Use the following list of names or words and match with their correct concept. Concept: Who observed the dairy maids, developed a vaccine for small pox based on cow pox. Edward Jenner James Lind William Farr Ambroise Paine Sequential testing Lead time bias Length bias Standardization Uncontrolled clinical trial Group of answer choices Ambroise Paine Edward Jenner William Farr James Lind 37b. Use the following list of names or words and match with their correct concept. Concept: Selecting individuals through screening that might have improved survival due to the type of disease they have; identifying cases that have better prognosis. Edward Jenner James Lind William Farr Ambroise Paine Sequential testing Lead time bias Length time bias Standardization Uncontrolled clinical trial Group of answer choices Sequential testing Standardization Length time bias Lead time bias 37c. Use the following list of names or words and match with their correct concept. Concept: British physician, invented SMR (standardized mortality ratio), organized first vital statistics Edward Jenner James Lind William Farr Ambroise Paine Sequential testing Lead time bias Length bias Standardization Uncontrolled clinical trial Group of answer choices Ambroise Paine Edward Jenner James Lind William Farr 37d. Use the following list of names or words and match with their correct concept. Concept: Cauterized wounds of soldiers using boiling oil, when oil ran out, used different mixture, which actually worked better. Edward Jenner James Lind William Farr Ambroise Paine Sequential testing Lead time bias Length bias Standardization Uncontrolled clinical trial Group of answer choices William Farr Ambroise Paine Edward Jenner Jame Lind 37e. Use the following list of names or words and match with their correct concept. Concept: Lacking a comparison group for the interventional study comparing two treatments. Edward Jenner James Lind William Farr Ambroise Paine Sequential testing Lead time bias Length bias Standardization Uncontrolled clinical trial Group of answer choices Length time bias Sequential testing Lead time bias Uncontrolled clinical trial

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