13. After placing a 36-week-gestation newborn in an isolette and

Discuss how well this summarizes the information Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder is characterized by parasomnia (Chahine, Brumm, Caspell-Garcia, et al., 2021). When this occurs, the individual partakes in dream enactment behaviors during the REM cycle of sleep. Specifically, idiopathic sleep behavior disorder (iRBD), the individual is more at risk for developing Parkinson’s Disease, dementia, and multiple systems atrophy (Postuma, Iranzo, et al., 2019). These diagnoses have been related to a-synucleinopathy. For this research study, 39 participants were recruited, who had previously been diagnosed with iRBD, to take part in the study. To assess the severity of disorder, the participants went through multiple assessments for diagnostic purposes. The first assessment was conducted during each medical appointment for the participants. This assessment asked if the participants had been diagnosed with a-synucleinopathy, Parkinsonian Disorder, or other neuro degererative disorder. These results were collected before the study beginning, 3 months intervals for 1 year, then 6 month intervals after the first year. The next assessment used was the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale. This includes motor examinations by a physician. These results were collected at year 1 and 2 of the study. Further assessments looked at olfactory functioning, autonomic measures, cognitive functioning, psychiatric symptoms, insomnia, biofluid biomarkers, and DAT-SPECT data was acquired. The participants were split into three groups, iRBD group had 38 participants, early onset Parkinson Disorder (PD) had 205 participants, and 92 participants were in the healthy group (HC). The results showed that iRBD diagnosed participants had higher scores on the autonomic measures than the PD and HC groups. For olfactory functioning, the iRBD group had much lower functioning and higher GDS-15 scores than the HC group. The results of the study were as follows: iRBD participants previously diagnosed with a-synucleinopathy had more motor abnormalities and increased to the point of PD participants levels at the 2 year point. When the iRBD participants had not been diagnosed with a-synucleinopathy, their motor abnormalities were baseline and were close to the same level as the healthy group. Olfactory dysfunction was high in the participants diagnosed with a-synucleinopathy and orthostatic hypotension was more likely to be present. It is hypothesized that this is due to the Braak hypothesis. When there is a progression of PD neuropathology, the lower brainstem regions that are involved with olfactory and autonomic functioning are damaged causing these dysfunctions (Chahine, Brumm, Caspell-Garcia, et al., 2021).

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