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Click the name of the Forum to participate in it. Follow the instructions to search for a website to either manage or prevent one chronic condition discussed in Chapter 4. Please do not copy or duplicate a classmate’s work. Please do the work on your own! Instructions: 1. Read chapter 4 and select a common chronic disease or medical condition. 2. Find a reputable website (e.g., .gov; edu; journals; professional associations; etc.) 3. Produce a page with how to manage and, or prevent that condition. Include your source. chapter 4 SUMMARY of Chapter 4: Caring for children with special medical Conditions Objectives: What should teachers be able to do when children with disabilities are present in their classroom? Discuss the concept of Inclusive Education and the IDEA Act Identify some factors which make chronic disease and medical conditions difficult to identify in children Discuss some Children’s environmental Circumstances that may contribute or act as barriers to Chronic conditions/diseases. Discuss allergies and different type of allergens What are some common symptoms of allergic disorders? Discuss Food in tolerances & allergies What are some possible management strategies in dealing with food allergies? Discuss asthma symptoms and its management. Identify anemia signs and its treatment Discuss Childhood Cancers What’s diabetes? and describe some its salient characteristics What is the role of the educator in handling or managing diabetes in the classroom? What is eczema and what are some signs symptoms? Describe some characteristics of excessive Fatigue Briefly discuss some of the issues related to Lead Poisoning What are seizure disorders about? Describe the characteristics of the main types of seizures or convulsions How are seizure conditions managed? Describe the characteristics of Sickle Cell Disease and its condition called “Crisis” NOTE(Must read Chapter 4 in textbook before taking the quiz): Presence of Children with disabilities in the classroom This means that teachers must be able to respond to children educational, health and medical needs. 4.1 Inclusive Education Is a philosophy and practice whereby children of all abilities are included and learn together in the same classroom. Individualized instruction is provided to meet each child’s unique learning needs. The 1992 ADA act did not fully address the needs of children with disabilities. In 2004 the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement (IDEA) act was passed and it guarantees the right to appropriate education and the special services they need to be successful. Builds on children’s strengths and abilities, addresses their limitations, and promotes learning success. 4.2 Common chronic disease and medical conditions Most diseases from which children suffer today are chronic. Some factors which may contribute to a health condition or may act as barriers are: : 1) location (urban versus rural) 2) family financial situation 3) Environmental pollutants 4) Toxic stress 5) Family unit issues ( dysfunctional parenting) Untreated health conditions may interfere with a child’s development and her ability to learn. Some take time to develop so they might be difficult to recognize. Family income, exposure to environmental hazards, family issues, domestic violence, stress are common environmental circumstances that contribute to disease. 4.2 Allergic Diseases Allergies & Types of Allergens It is believed that allergies are the greatest single cause of chronic health conditions among children. An inherited error in the immune system causes the body to overreact to some environmental source. And allergies can affect children’s behavior and interest in learning. A substance which triggers an allergic reaction in an individual is called an “allergen”. Of course, these substances do not bother most children. There are 4 different kinds of allergens. A. Ingestants. Cause digestive upsets and respiratory problems. Common examples include milk & milk products, and eggs. B) Inhalants. Affect the respiratory system causing a running nose, cough, wheeling, and watery eyes. Example: pollen. C) Contactants. They frequently cause skin eruptions such as rashes, hives and edema. Examples include soaps, cosmetics, dyes, medications, some plants poison ivy etc. D) Injectables. Result in respiratory, digestive, and skin disturbances. Examples include bees and wasps. Common symptoms of allergic disorders Teachers should observe children and record repetitive patterns which may suggest allergies. Some common signs are: 1) frequent colds and ear infections; 2) chronic congestion (runny nose; 3) headaches; 4) nosebleeds; unexplained stomachache 6) eczema (patches of red irritated skin) and other rashes; 7) permanent hearing losses; 8) allergic reactions to medications and others. Food in tolerances & allergies. Many children experience unpleasant reactions to certain foods that parents commonly and incorrectly refer to as food allergies. This type of response is called food intolerance or insensitivity and does involve the immune system.. Unlike a food allergy, the symptoms of food intolerances are not likely to be life-threatening and may eventually be outgrown. Common symptoms include hives, skin rashes, flushed or pale face, cramps, vomiting, and/or diarrhea, runny nose, watery eyes, congestion, and/or wheezing itching or swelling. Foods that are most likely to trigger an allergic reaction include: Eggs; milk and milk products such as cheese and ice cream; fish and shellfish; peanuts & nuts. Some can be life threatening been strategies There are no known cures only symptomatic control. Teachers should develop a plan in the event of an allergic reaction. Teachers should consider children’s food allergies when celebrating events, taking fields trips and serving food. Chronic allergies interfere with ability to learn. There are no known cures. Treatment is aimed at controlling symptoms by limiting (cats kept outdoors) or reducing exposure (Dust). Some allergic reactions may change over time but may reemerge in reactions to different substances. Antihistamines and decongestants may be used to treat symptoms of respiratory allergies. Teachers should be trained before administering any treatments or medications. Some allergens, like bee stings, may cause a life threatening condition known as “anaphylaxis”. = swelling of throat, nausea vomiting, and respiratory difficulties. Call 911 or an an ambulance if it happens in the classroom. Some keep an Epi Pen (auto injecting devices that administer a single dose of Epinephrine) in school, but its use requires training. 4-2b. Asthma symptoms and its management. Asthma is a common mild, chronic, inflammatory disease characterized by recurrent breathing problems including wheezing and coughing. It tends to be an inherited tendency that can become progressively worse without treatment. Some people with asthma may have acute episodes when their air passages in their lungs get narrower, and breathing becomes difficult, and in some cases, life threatening. Asthma is a significant and growing health problem. Many theories ranging from environmental to excessive clean environments are proposed to explain recent increases in asthma rates. Examples of possible factors included airborne allergens, secondhand smoke, chemicals, and early feeding practices, Triggers of asthma attacks include airborne allergens such as pollen, animal dander, dust, molds, perfumes, foods, secondhand smoke, extreme weather, respiratory Signs and Symptoms. Acute are characterized by episodes of wheezing, coughing and labored breathing causes by spasms and swelling of the respiratory tract. Management. Treatment consists of identifying and removing the suspected substances whenever possible. Use air purifiers to decrease the chances of asthma episodes. Many times, there is no apparent cause and thus NO cure for this disease. Most people with asthma can live productively by educating themselves about medications (e.g., anti-inflammatory agents and self-management strategies (e.g., avoid asthma triggers such as cigarette smoke, pollen, dust etc.). Teachers should meet the family of an affected child to understand her condition. 4-2c Anemia. Anemia is a common blood disorder that develops when too few red blood cells are available to deliver oxygen to the body’s cells. Food insufficiency and unhealthy dietary patterns place many children at risk. Signs and Symptoms. There are different types of anemia and thus different causes. Common signs of anemia include excessive, prolonged fatigue or lack of energy; pale skin color; blue discoloration of nail beds; irritability, feeling cold etc. Management. Treatment for anemia is determined by the cause. If the child’s diet is deficient, improvements are made. For example, iron-deficiency anemia is a temporary condition that can be reversed by improving a child’s diet and vitamin supplementation. If it is due to a chronic infection, antibiotics are in order. 4-2d Childhood Cancers Childhood cancer is used in reference to a broad range of cancer types ranging from blood (leukemia-most common) to brain. Although Cancers are the main cause of death from a disease, they are still rare as few children develop cancer. Signs and symptoms. They are generally unique to a specific form of cancer. Warning signs may include loss of appetite, unexplained weight loss, excessive fatigue that doesn’t improve with rest, painful joints, unusual bruising. Management. Advances in diagnosis and treatment have resulted in dramatic improvements in children’s survival rates and their ability to return to school. Extra precautions must be taken to protect children from communicable illnesses and other infectious conditions because their immune systems are often compromised by therapies. Children may be sensitive about changes in their appearance. Teachers should help children better understand cancer conditions. 4-2e Diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body cannot produce or use insulin. The insulin hormone is needed for metabolism of carbohydrates and the storage and release of glucose. The incidence of diabetes is said to be increasing in epidemic proportions due to an increase in obesity amongst children. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of diabetes. Also, family history and ethnicity play a role in the development of the disease. There are different types of diabetes: type 1 or insulin dependent, which is caused by deficiency of the hormone insulin, which regulates the storage and release of glucose (sugar). It is a chronic, often inherited, and non-curable disease. Type II, also known as adult-onset diabetes, occurs when the pancreas produces an insufficient amount of insulin, or the cells are unable to use the insulin properly. Signs and symptoms. An absence or inadequate amounts of insulin provokes a high level of sugar in the blood, which results in a condition called hyperglycemia. Without treatment, this condition will cause coma and death. Early signs associated with type I include weight loss: fatigue: frequent urination: dehydration: excessive thirst and hunger; frequent infections: slow healing; itching, lur vision, and dry skin. Type 2 symptoms are similar, but they tend to develop more slowly. Management. Educators should be aware of any diabetic children in their classrooms. Some may require insulin injections and have their glucose levels checked. -Meetings with families of children with diabetes is essential. Teachers need to be well informed of dietary restrictions and management so they may help children in school. Also, they can help children accept their condition and live well-adjusted lives. 4-2f Eczema. It is a chronic inflammatory skin condition. Usually appears in children younger than 5. Signs and symptoms. Caused by abnormal immune system responses and is commonly associated with allergies, especially to certain foods (e.g., eggs or wheat) and substances that have contact with the skin (e.g, wool). Red irritated patches on toddler’s cheeks, forehead, scalp and neck are common symptoms. Management. Eczema is not curable, but it can usually be controlled through preventive measures. Eliminating allergens is the preferred and first line of defense. Reminding children not to scratch, moisturizing heir skin is helpful. 4-2g Characteristics of excessive Fatigue. Most children feel tired from time to time. However, if children show repeated signs of fatigue, parents and educators should be concerned. Signs and symptoms. Chronic fatigue may be an indication of health problems including: 1) Poor nutrition; 2) chronic infection: 3) rapid growth: 4) insufficient sleep and rest: 5) medications: 6) anemia: 7) endocrine disorders 8) Allergies: 9) lead poisoning. Management. If chronic fatigue, medical examination should be conducted to examine lifestyle. Educators should encourage children with the condition to maintain healthy lifestyle by improving diet, sleep habits, and adequate periods of rest and exercise to help children with this condition. 4-2h Lead Poisoning It continues to be a problem. Children are still being identified with this preventable disorder. (Lead is most commonly found in children who live in old houses and buildings). Other sources are polluted water, polluted air, and some imported crystal, Old and imported toys and ceramics. Children living in poverty are more likely to be affected by this condition. Signs and symptoms. Children ut things in their mouth (e.g, toys) Children affected by lead may experience any of the following signs and symptoms: Irritability, headaches, loss of appetite, listlessness, and learning problems. Management. The most effective preventive measures are public awareness and community education. Hazardous environment sources must be located and removed. Screenings tests are recommended by the CDC because of lead poisoning impact on IQ and learning. 4-2i Seizures Disorders It is not uncommon to find children with seizures in preschool. The term seizure describes a cluster of symptoms rather than a particular disease. Often, seizures and epilepsy are used as synonymous. Seizures are caused by abnormal brain impulses that trigger involuntary or uncontrollable movements in different parts of the body. The exact cause is difficult to establish but several conditions are known to initiate them. 1) Fevers; 2) brain damage; 3)infections that affect the central nervous system; 4) tumors; 5) head injuries (prenatal & postnatal); 6) Lead; 7) low blood sugar; 8) and drug reactions. Seizures are generally classified according to the pattern of symptoms the child presents. Signs and symptoms. Characteristics of the main types of seizures Febrile Seizures. 2 to 5% of infants of children (6 months-5yrs.) are affected suffer from them. It may be caused by a high fever. Child may experience loss consciousness and involuntary jerky movements involving the entire body. As the fever subsides, the seizures disappear. It is usually not serious or results in any permanent damage. New Classification of other seizures It is according to the area of the brain affected, victim’s awareness, and type of movement while in seizure. Focal Onset Originate in one side of the brain, last a few seconds or up to 2 minutes. Child may be conscious but appears confused and it is the most common children. Behaviors may include staring into space, uttering aloud scream, momentary muscle weakness, lap smacking, chewing motions, etc. Generalized Onset Involves all parts of the brain simultaneously. Some experience a warning (aura). Loss of consciousness and motor involvement from eye twitching to uncontrollable jerking movements that affect the entire body. Difficulty breathing and loss of bladder control. Lnknown Onset An unknown onset occurred when professionals cannot determine if a seizure is focal or generalized. Management. Most conditions can be treated by medication. If a seizure occurs, make sure you notify the parents and write a descriptive report in which the order of events is detailed. Use the situation in the classroom as a teachable moment. Learn about the condition so you can understand the child’s needs. 4-2j Sickle Cell Disease and its “Crisis” This is an inherited blood disorder that interferes with the red blood cells’ ability to carry oxygen. A person that carries this disease is not necessarily sick but is called a carrier. When two adult carriers get married, there is a chance that some of their children will develop the disease. This disease is more prevalent within the African American and Mediterranean populations. Signs and symptoms. The clumping of deformed cells produces the “Crisis”. The symptoms may include fever, severe abdominal and leg pain, vomiting and ulcers. Children may usually be hospitalized. It is important to note that crises are precipitated by an infection. Hence, educators and parents should try to protect sickle cell children from unnecessary infections. Although there is no cure at present, children who have sickle cell disease are living longer today as the result of improved diagnosis and treatments. Management. At present, there is no cure Genetic counseling can help determine the probability of having a child with this condition. don’t forget the sorces you will use to post it please

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