Critique assignment for article Aromatherapy Problem Statement: The study was

Critique assignment for article Aromatherapy Problem Statement: The study was conducted to address the growing concern of opioid overuse and its associated risks in emergency settings. The author identifies the problem of excessive reliance on opioids for pain management, which can lead to addiction and other adverse effects. The purpose of the study was to explore the efficacy of aromatherapy as a complementary approach to reduce pain and subsequently decrease opioid consumption in emergency departments. The study aims to determine if a blend of lavender, sweet marjoram, and pink grapefruit essential oils can effectively reduce pain in emergency department patients and whether this effect is due to a placebo or a genuine therapeutic benefit. Additionally, the study will investigate if aromatherapy can decrease the use of opioids in an emergency department setting. Background/Literature Review: The author provides citations for previous studies that have explored alternative pain management strategies, including aromatherapy. The background information is sufficient to understand the necessity of the current study, highlighting the opioid crisis and the potential of non-pharmacological interventions. For example, the author references studies that have shown promising results of aromatherapy in various clinical settings, establishing a foundation for its application in emergency care. Research Question: The research question is: “Can aromatherapy effectively reduce pain and opioid use in emergency department patients?” (Brown, A. N et. Al., 2023, August 31). Variables of Interest: Independent Variable: Use of aromatherapy. Dependent Variables: Pain levels and opioid consumption. Hypothesis: The researcher hypothesizes that patients receiving aromatherapy will report lower pain levels and require fewer opioids compared to those who do not receive aromatherapy Design: The study employs a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design, which is considered the gold standard for clinical research. Participants were randomly assigned to either the aromatherapy group or a control group receiving standard care. Sample/Ethics/Setting: The sampling methodology involved recruiting patients from an emergency department who met specific inclusion criteria, such as experiencing acute pain. The sample methodology used in the study is randomized controlled. This means that participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a therapeutic intervention group, a sham intervention group, or a control group. This method helps to ensure that the groups are comparable and that any differences observed between the groups are likely due to the intervention rather than other factors. The study ensured participants’ rights were protected by obtaining informed consent and adhering to ethical guidelines approved by an institutional review board. The study was approved by the health system’s institutional review board, and input was received from the clinical nurse specialist who oversees aromatherapy. The study took place in a suburban/rural freestanding emergency department associated with a larger health system in the area located in the southeastern United States. Procedure: The researcher implemented the study by administering aromatherapy to the experimental group while the control group received standard pain management. Data collection involved measuring pain levels using a validated pain scale and recording opioid usage. Pain was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) before and after aromatherapy. This study design helps to ensure the internal validity of the research, meaning the results can be attributed to the intervention rather than other factors. The use of validated tools (VAS) strengthens the external validity, meaning the findings might be generalizable to other similar settings. The research tools, including the pain scale, are valid and reliable, ensuring accurate data collection. Analysis: The data analysis used in the study involved descriptive statistics, data transformation, non-parametric tests, and effect size calculation. The findings showed a significant reduction in pain scores for the aromatherapy group compared to the control group, but there was no significant difference in opioid use. Overall, the data analysis methods used in the study were appropriate and well-suited to answer the research questions. Results: The results indicated a statistical reduction in pain levels and opioid use in the aromatherapy group compared to the control group. Aromatherapy was effective in reducing pain scores compared to the control group. The effect size was small, indicating a moderate reduction in pain. There was a trend towards lower opioid use in the aromatherapy group, but the difference was not statistically significant. The sham group (placebo) also showed some pain reduction, suggesting a potential placebo effect. The study’s internal validity is supported by the randomized design, which minimizes bias and confounding variables, allowing confidence that the intervention is responsible for the observed outcomes. Study Limitations: The author acknowledges limitations, such as the single-center setting, which may affect the generalizability of the findings. Additionally, the study’s short duration may not capture long-term effects of aromatherapy. The study was limited by a relatively small sample size and the potential for unblinding due to the aroma. The small effect size for pain reduction might limit the clinical significance. Future Studies: The author suggests future studies should explore the long-term impact of aromatherapy on pain management and opioid use, as well as its effectiveness in diverse emergency department settings. The authors identified several areas for future research on aromatherapy for pain management: Larger sample sizes: While this study had a decent sample size, larger studies could provide more robust evidence. Long-term effects: The study focused on short-term effects. Future research could investigate the long-term benefits of aromatherapy for pain management. Different patient populations: The study focused on emergency department patients. Future studies could explore the effectiveness of aromatherapy in other patient populations, such as those with chronic pain conditions. Comparison with other pain management interventions: Future studies could compare aromatherapy to other commonly used pain management interventions to determine its relative effectiveness. Mechanisms of action: Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms by which aromatherapy reduces pain. This could help to identify optimal essential oil blends and delivery methods. By addressing these areas, future studies can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the benefits and limitations of aromatherapy for pain management References: Brown, A. N., Reed, C. D., Prescott, M. C., & Rhew, D. C. (2023). Randomized controlled study in the use of aromatherapy for pain reduction and to reduce opioid use in the emergency department. 1 Journal of Emergency Nursing, 49(6), 890-898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2023.07.006 Nieswiadomy, R. M., & Bailey, C. (2018). Foundations of Nursing research (7th ed.). Pearson. please help me to make sure correct grammer used in this assigment correct APA 7 th edition format used, including references with hanging indent Title page, body with subheadings and reference page all in APA 7th ed format

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