In the dissertation “Corruption and Health Inequality: The Influence of Corruption on Health Dispari

In the dissertation “Corruption and Health Inequality: The Influence of Corruption on Health Disparities in Sub-Saharan Africa and the United States”, prepare complete chapter from building of problem space stating to clearly the PROBLEM SPACE using the following criteria and information listed below: Consider: Degree: Doctor of Health Administration (Operational Leadership) Methodology: Qualitative Analysis Problem Statement: “It is not known how healthcare workers describe their experience with anti-corruption measures being implemented to improve health disparities.” Purpose Statement: The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study is to explore how healthcare workers in Sub-Saharan Africa describe their experiences with anti-corruption measures being implemented to improve health disparities. Phenomena Understanding how recent anti-corruption measures have influenced health disparities in Sub-Saharan Africa and the United States, particularly in the context of evolving healthcare challenges and systemic inequalities. Research Question(s): 1. How do healthcare workers describe their experiences with anti-corruption measures being implemented to improve health disparities? 2. What are the systemic and individual-level effects of corruption on healthcare delivery in Sub-Saharan Africa compared to the United States? Criteria: The learner provides a detailed description of how the problem space has evolved over time*, and the effects it has had on the research (research trends). The learner summarizes the problem space, highlighting what has been discovered and what still needs to be understood related to the topic from literature or research dated primarily within the last five years (NOTE: 5 years for final dissertation and 2-3 years for the proposal). The learner discusses and synthesizes the evolution of the research on the problem. Specifically: Identifies the key sources used as the basis for the problem space Identifies trends in research and literature. Identifies how the research focus has changed over the recent past five years. Discusses key findings that emerged from recent studies. Discusses prior research and defined future research needs. From the findings of research studies and evolution of recent literature on the topic, the learner defines the parameters for problem statement for the study. The learner describes how the study will contribute to the body of literature. The learner describes the potential practical or professional applications from the research. The learner uses attributive and citation phrases when referencing articles. Only the four articles listed below should appear on the problem space. The learner writes this section in a way that is well structured, has a logical flow, An Introduction to the Problem Space: Describe/name the boundaries of the Problem Space (1 paragraph) Describe the Boundaries/Perspectives: Develop two paragraphs on the Boundaries/Prospective defining the Problem Space (ensuring these are relevant to your degree and focus area) P1: What is known from the literature? (Prior research) P2: What still needs to be understood/further understood/known? Synthesize the Needs from the Boundaries/Perspectives to Define the Research Need and Problem Statement: Create paragraphs that synthesizes the need from each of the Boundary/Perspective Sections to develop the Need Statement and/or resulting Problem Statement. Identify Contributions of Your Research: Identify the potential contributions that the study results may make to the population, community, society, profession, organizations, etc; to the literature; to the theoretical foundation (use models/theories/concepts: Institutional Theory, Grounded Theory, and the Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Articles Just for Problem space: García, P. J. (2019). Corruption in global health: the open secret. The Lancet, 394(10214), 2119-2124. 2. Hsiao, A., Vogt, V., & Quentin, W. (2019). Effect of corruption on perceived difficulties in healthcare access in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS ONE, 14(8), e0220583-e0220583. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220583 Onwujekwe, O., Agwu, P., Orjiakor, C., & Uguru, N. (2022). Health sector corruption in Nigeria: Implications for service delivery and access to healthcare. BMC Health Services Research, 22, 329-344. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-07724-9 . Kohler, J. C., & Bowra, A. (2020). Exploring anti-corruption, transparency, and accountability in the world Health organization, the United Nations development program, the world bank group, and the global fund to fight AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. Globalization and health, 16, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00629-5 Articles for other references: List of References Abedi, V., Olulana, O., Avula, V., Chaudhary, D., Khan, A., Shahjouei, S., … & Zand, R. (2021). Racial, economic, and health inequality and COVID-19 infection in the United States. Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 8, 732-742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00833-4 Achim, M. V., Văidean, V. L., & Borlea, S. N. (2020). Corruption and health outcomes within an economic and cultural framework. The European journal of health economics, 21(2), 195-207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-019-01120-8 Artiga, S., Orgera, K., & Pham, O. (2020). Disparities in health and health care: Five key questions and answers. Kaiser Family Foundation. Beegle, K., Christiaensen, L., & Dabalen, A. (2023). Corruption, health, and inequality: The impact of institutional quality on health outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 157, 105984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.105984 Beegle, K., Christiaensen, L., Dabalen, A., & Gaddis, I. (2023). Poverty in a rising Africa. World Bank Publications. Bîzoi, A. C., & Bîzoi, C. G. (2023). Primum Non Nocere: How to Fight the “Pandemic” of Healthcare Corruption. In The Ethics of Bribery: Theoretical and Empirical Studies (pp. 345-365). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17707-1_20 Blumenthal, D., & Squires, D. (2018). Drug pricing and pharmaceutical policy: The US system in international perspective. New England Journal of Medicine, 378(2), 206-209. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1714915 Bullock, A., & Jenkins, S. (2022). Intersectionality, corruption, and healthcare inequality: A global perspective. Journal of Global Health Disparities, 10(1), 34-49. Bullock, J., & Jenkins, M. (2022). Corruption and marginalisation. Transparency International.. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep26767 Ferrari, L., & Salustri, F. (2020). The relationship between corruption and chronic diseases: evidence from Europeans aged 50 years and older. International Journal of Public Health, 65, 345-355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-020-01347-w Frempong, R.B., Novignon, J., Stadelmann, D. (2023). Inequalities, Exclusion, and Covid-19 in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Arndt, S., Yacouba, B., Lawanson, T., Msindo, E., Simatei, P. (eds) Covid-19 in Africa: Societal and Economic Implications. African Histories and Modernities. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40316-3_6 García, P. J. (2019). Corruption in global health: the open secret. The Lancet, 394(10214), 2119-2124. Glynn, E. H. (2022). Corruption in the health sector: A problem in need of a systems-thinking approach. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 910073. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.910073 Harding, R., Harris, D., & Kelly, J. (2021). The role of context in health system corruption: Implications for anti-corruption approaches. Health Policy and Planning, 36(5), 623-633. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa114 Health-Americas, T. L. R. (2023). Opioid crisis: addiction, overprescription, and insufficient primary prevention. Lancet Regional Health-Americas, 23. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10366477/ Hsiao, A., Vogt, V., & Quentin, W. (2019). Effect of corruption on perceived difficulties in healthcare access in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS ONE, 14(8), e0220583-e0220583. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220583 Hsiao, C., Vogt, T., & Quentin, W. (2019). Corruption and access to healthcare: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Public Health Policy, 40(1), 52-69. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-018-00160-8 Hutchinson, E., Balabanova, D., McKee, M., & Fulop, N. (2019). The role of international actors in health system resilience and corruption control in LMICs. Health Policy and Planning, 34(7), 560-570. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz099 Hutchinson, E., McKee, M., & Balabanova, D. (2019). What drives health workers to break the rules and use public resources for private gain? A review of the literature on sub-Saharan Africa. https://ace.soas.ac.uk/publication/health-workers-… Ismail, S., Khater, M., & Zaki, M. (2021). Operational leadership in healthcare: Tackling corruption. Journal of Health Administration, 56(2), 115-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jha.2020.115129 Kohler, J. C., & Bowra, A. (2020). Anti-corruption initiatives in the health sector: Are they reducing health disparities? Global Health Action, 13(1), 47-59. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2020.1726722 Kohler, J. C., & Bowra, A. (2020). 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Contextual adaptation in qualitative research: Insights from corruption studies in low-income settings. Qualitative Health Research, 30(3), 437-448. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732319878617 Sutton, J., & Austin, Z. (2019). Qualitative research: Data collection, analysis, and management. The Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 68(3), 226-231. https://doi.org/10.4212/cjhp.v68i3.1456 Swain, G. R., & Lapkin, L. (2020). Cultural competence in global health research: Ethical implications for participant engagement. Global Public Health, 15(8), 1087-1099. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1712285 Teelken, C. (2018). Leadership and corruption in healthcare systems. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 32(5), 636-650. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHOM-11-2017-0306 Transparency International. (2018). Global corruption report 2018: Corruption in healthcare. 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