Hi Tutors, I need your assistance with answering this question. You will apply epidemiologic concept

Hi Tutors, I need your assistance with answering this question. You will apply epidemiologic concepts to interpreting results in the evidence-based literature. Describe a public health problem in terms of magnitude, person, time, and place. Apply the basic terminology and definitions of epidemiology. Draw appropriate inferences from epidemiological data. Communicate epidemiologic information to lay and professional audiences. Objectives Identify and Interpret measures of occurrence, comparison/association, and 95%CIs. Identify specific study designs used in peer reviewed abstracts Interpret and/or critique results from the evidence-based literature Question 1. You are a reviewer for the journal PLos One and have been asked to review Xu et al.’s 2024 abstract. The abstract is below. What key edit would you recommend to the authors based on what you have learned about measures of occurrence? Xu X, Sun G, Sun D. Prevalence and risk factors of hearing loss in the Chinese population aged 45 years and older: Findings from the CHARLS baseline survey. PLoS One. 2024 Sep 23;19(9):e0310953. Abstract Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hearing loss and identify associated risk factors in a Chinese population aged 45 years and older. Study design: This study employed a cross-sectional research design. Data from the 4th wave survey of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) conducted in 2018 were utilized. Participants were assessed using self-reported questionnaires, and various demographic and comorbidity factors were analyzed to elucidate the risk factors associated with hearing loss. Methods: A total of 17,695 individuals from 10,257 households in 450 villages and urban settlements were included in the study. Hearing loss was assessed through self-reported questionnaires. Risk factors, including demographic characteristics and comorbidities, were analyzed to identify associations with hearing loss. Results: The study population had a hearing loss prevalence rate of 17.9% (n = 3,179). Regional variations were observed, with highest rates in Chongqing (28.67%), Yunnan (25.12%), and Qinghai (24.36%), and lowest rates in Zhejiang (17.71%), Tianjin (10.56%), and Shanghai (9.26%). Age ≥70 was associated with higher risk (OR = 3, p<0.05), while being female was associated with reduced risk (OR = 0.81, p<0.05). Higher education level showed lower risk (OR<1, p<0.05). Non-agricultural workers had lower risk (OR = 0.67, p<0.05). Fewer social activities were correlated with decreased risk (OR = 0.89, p = 0.024). Ethnic minorities had slightly higher risk (OR = 1.23, p<0.05). Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into the prevalence and risk factors associated with hearing loss in the Chinese population aged 45 years and older. The findings emphasize the importance of early detection and intervention, particularly among older individuals and those residing in specific regions, for effective hearing loss management. Question 2. Recently, several news outlets reported a large national drop in opioid overdose deaths. https://abcnews.go.com/Health/overdose-deaths-continued-drop-now-lowest-level-3/story?id=113844708Links to an external site.. The Kaiser Family Foundation (KKF) produced the following Figure 1 in their report. Which measure of occurrence is presented in Figure 1 from KKF? (sentence answer) Question 3 In the abstract below, the authors interpret the measure of association between period poverty and moderate to severe depression. Assuming the ratio measure value is correct, how would you correct the author's interpretation? "Menstruators experiencing monthly period poverty were 2.224 times more likely to report moderate to severe depression compared to those without period poverty." Muhaidat N, Karmi JA, Karam AM, Abushaikha F, Alshrouf MA. Period poverty, reuse needs, and depressive symptoms among refugee menstruators in Jordan's camps: a cross-sectional study. BMC Womens Health. 2024 Jul 3;24(1):384. Background: Period poverty is a significant issue that impacts the physical and psychological well-being of menstruators worldwide which can further contribute to poor mental health outcomes. For menstruators living in refugee camps, access to menstrual hygiene products is often limited or non-existent, leading to increased anxiety, shame, and embarrassment. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of the period poverty and to comprehensively analyze the association between period poverty, reusing menstrual products, and depressive symptoms among menstruators living in refugee camps in Jordan. Methods: A cross-sectional study surveyed refugee menstruators living in camps in Jordan, aged post-menarche to pre-menopause. Data collection included socio-demographics, menstrual practices, and depressive symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Period poverty was assessed through affordability and frequency of struggles with menstrual products. Chi-squared test, independent sample t-test, One Way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Post hoc, and logistic regression models were used in the analysis. Results: The study included a diverse sample of 386 refugee menstruators living in camps in Jordan (mean age 32.43 ± 9.95, age range 13-55). Period poverty was highly prevalent, with 42.0% reporting monthly struggles to afford menstrual products, and 71.5% reusing menstrual products. Univariate analysis revealed that experiencing period poverty was significantly associated with a younger age of marriage, increased number of children, lower education level, lower mother and father education levels, unemployment, decreased monthly income, absence of health insurance, lower reuse need score, and increased PHQ-9 score (p < 0.05). Menstruators experiencing monthly period poverty were 2.224 times more likely to report moderate to severe depression compared to those without period poverty (95% CI 1.069-4.631, P = 0.033). Conclusion: This study highlights a significant association between period poverty and depressive symptoms among refugee menstruators in living in camps in Jordan, as high rates of period poverty were associated with a 2.2-fold increased likelihood of reporting moderate to severe depression. Addressing period poverty in refugee settings is crucial for mitigating depression risks and enhancing overall well-being.

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