caClimate change impacts both physical and mental health directly as well as indirectly. Directly, i

caClimate change impacts both physical and mental health directly as well as indirectly. Directly, it contributes to heat related illnesses, respiratory and cardiovascular conditions, and injuries caused by extreme weather events (NIEHS, 2024; WHO, 2024). Indirect effects are seen in the transformation of environmental conditions, including worsened air quality, altered disease patterns, and increased challenges related to food and water supply (NIEHS, 2024; Kim, Kabir, & Ara Jahan, 2014). For example, disturbances in weather systems can worsen air pollution, which in turn intensifies respiratory problems such as asthma (NIEHS, 2024; Bernstein, 2021). Similarly, fluctuations in temperature and rainfall patterns can influence the spread of vector-borne diseases, increasing their occurrence in certain regions (NIEHS, 2024; WHO, 2024). A recent report from The Lancet Countdown (2024) highlights the increasing health impacts of climate change, revealing that heat related deaths have increased by 167% among individuals over 65 since the 1990s (Romanello et al., 2024). The report also indicates that food insecurity has risen, with 151 million more people experiencing hunger due to climate disruptions (Romanello et al., 2024). Additionally, climate induced changes are expanding the reach of vector-borne diseases such as dengue fever and malaria, increasing their prevalence in regions previously unaffected (Romanello et al., 2024). In addition to physical health issues, climate change also creates risks to mental well being. Disasters linked to climate change can lead to mental health conditions such as anxiety, stress, depression, and post traumatic stress disorder (NIEHS, 2024; WHO, 2024). Populations that are particularly vulnerable include children, the elderly, and individuals already struggling with mental health issues (NIEHS, 2024). The term “eco-anxiety” is used to describe the persistent and often debilitating worry over environmental destruction, which can significantly affect a person’s quality of life (NIEHS, 2024; Bernstein, 2021). Eliminating these health impacts requires coordinated and proactive efforts. These efforts include strengthening healthcare infrastructure to withstand extreme weather events, establishing early warning systems for health risks related to climate change, and incorporating climate considerations into public health strategies (NIEHS, 2024; WHO, 2024). Additionally, education campaigns can inform the public about climate related health risks and promote adaptive responses. At the policy level, advocating for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and supporting sustainable practices are necessary to address the root causes of climate change while safeguarding public health (NIEHS, 2024; WHO, 2024). These strategies align with several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), and SDG 13 (Climate Action) (United Nations, 2024). References Bernstein, A. S. (2021). The medical response to climate change. Med (New York, N.Y.), 2(4), 361-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2021.03.012 Kim, K. H., Kabir, E., & Ara Jahan, S. (2014). A review of the consequences of global climate change on human health. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part C, Environmental Carcinogenesis & Ecotoxicology Reviews, 32(3), 299-318. https://doi.org/10.1080/10590501.2014.941279 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. (2024). Human health impacts of climate change. Retrieved from https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/programs/climatechange/health_impacts Romanello, M., Walawender, M., Hsu, S. C., Moskeland, A., Palmeiro-Silva, Y., Scamman, D., Ali, Z., Ameli, N., Angelova, D., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Basart, S., Beagley, J., Beggs, P. J., Blanco-Villafuerte, L., Cai, W., Callaghan, M., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Chambers, J. D., Chicmana-Zapata, V., Chu, L., … Costello, A. (2024). The 2024 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: facing record-breaking threats from delayed action. Lancet (London, England), 404(10465), 1847-1896. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01822-1 United Nations. (2024). The 17 sustainable development goals. United Nations. Retrieved from https://sdgs.un.org/goals World Health Organization. (2024). Climate change and health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health n you give a peer review on the following:

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