David Myers asks, “Although it’s too early

David Myers asks, “Although it’s too early to know the coronavirus’ lethality (because we don’t yet know how many people have undiagnosed infections), have you witnessed examples of some panicked people fearing it too much? And of others, by failing to appreciate its exponential future spread, fearing it too little?” What have you witnessed? What concepts in chapter 9 might contribute to people’s fears? CHAPTER egies hms 9 Thinking, Language, and Intelligence sition eclivity in areas for ing languag speech بداعمد o nertous Language (including Silingualism) influences thinking THROUGHOUT history, we humans have both celebrated our wisdom and bemoaned our foolishness. The poet T. S. Eliot was struck by “the hollow men… Headpiece filled with straw.” But Shakespeare’s Hamlet extolled the human species as “noble in reason! . . Infinite in facultieslin apprehension how like a god!” in the preceding chapters, we have likewise marveled at both our abilities and our errors We have studied the human brain-three pounds of wet tissue the size of a small cabbage, yet containing staggeringly complex circuitry. We have appreciated the amazing abilities of newborns. We have marveled at our visual system, which converts light waves into nerve impulses, distributes them for parallel processing. and reassembles them into colorful perceptions. We have pondered our memory’s enormous capacity, and the case with which our two-track mind processes infor- mation, with and without our awareness. Little wonder that our species has had the collective genius to invent the camera, the car, and the computer, to unlock the atom and crack the genetic code to travel out to space and into our brain’s depths. Yet we have also seen that in other ways, we are less than noble in reason. Our species is kin to the other animals, influenced by the same principles that produce learning in tats and pigeons. We have noted that we not-so-wise humans are easily deceived by perceptual Illusions, pseudopsychic claims, and false memories In this chapter, we encounter further instances of these two aspects of the human condition-the rational and the irrational. We will consider how we use and misuse the information we receive, perceive, store, and retrieve. We will look at our gift for language and intelligence. And we will reflect on how deserving we are of our species name, Homo sapiens-wise human GOOD TEST -rformance be comparable yuld cominter e dudents?) miechement?] ENTAL CHAPTER THINKING, LA WATER THINKING LANGUAGE AND INTELUCINCS pe I ca PE M We Thinking Concepts What is cognition, and what are the functions of concepts? Psychologists who y cognition focus on the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating informatie. One of these activities is forming concepte mental grouplings of Nimilar sheets, events, dens, and people. The concept chair includes many items by nigh chale, reclining chair, a declarat Concepts simplify different name for every event, ohjel, and Mes We could not ask chi to thinking Imagine life without them. We would need throw the ball because there would be no concept of throw or fall. Instead of saying. They were angry we would have to describe expressions, intensite words. Concepts such as ball and a give us much information with Title pitheeler our concepts by developing a prototype-a meal image orbe Couch 1978). People more quickly agree that a rohin sabied than that a penguin is a bird. For closely Germans are more prototypically German (Kewler et al. 2010). And the more diely resembles sur Bind prototype. For people in muhok Germany. Coolen readily we recognite it as an example of the concept (FAGURE of a concept-chas border Garmer-theme Once we place an item in a category our memory of it laserski tward the face. When viewing a blended face in which 70 percent of the features were Category prototype, as did for Belgian students who viewed the cally ended Caucasian and 30 percent were Aslan, the students categorized the face as Cave dan PERE 92). Later, as the memory shifted toward the Caucasian proto type, they were more likely to remember an 8 percent Caucasian face than the 70 percent cada face they had actually seen (Comcille et al., 2004). Lewis Asian face. So, with gender People who viewed 70 percent male face capo riaed them as male fno surprise there and then later misremembered them as even more prototypically male (Huartet al, 2005). a frull? hs a 17 year old female a girl or a woman is whale a fishermana and category boundaries may blur. hac Because a whole fails to match our man! when symptoms donned our disease per Op we are slow to perche an illness sheel. People whose heart anak symptoms (shortness of breathe exhaustion, a dull weight is the chest del match pain may not seek help. And when behavien don’t fit our discrimination prototypes of White Black male against female, young against old won fall to satice prejudice. Propleme casily detect male prejudice paint females thas female pain males or female against females man & Baron, 1996; Marti et al. 2000). Alloh speed and guide our thinking they don’t always make Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles What cognitive strategies assist our problem solving and what obstacles hinder it? One tribute to our rationality is our problem-solving skill. What’s the best route around this trajam How shall we handle a friend’s crim? How can we get in the house without our keys? Som probleme we solve through mal error Thomas Edison tried the sands of light bulb flors before soumbling upon one that worked. For other problems www algorithms app procedures that guarantee all But up by step algorithms can be laborious and exasperating To find a word of the 10 pis03.200 permutations in all Rather than five you a comput strategies. Thus, you might reduce the number of opelons in the SPLOVDIYO by grouping letters that he appear together (C und GY) and ended inerare le combinations (such as then applying trial and error, you may hit on the answer. Have you grewed up! in a flash of Insighean abrupt, true-seeming, and then satisfyingin (Topelinski & Rober, 2010). Ten year-old Johnny Appleton’s insighted a prob lem that had sumped construction worker how to rescue a young robin from narrow 3 inch deep hole in a comeback wall Johnny’ lutone Sony In sand, giving the bird enough time to keep its feet on up of the constantly rising pile (Ruchlis. 1990 Teams of researchers have identified brain civity associated with adden flashes of insight (Kunis & Beeman, 2000, Saler & hattacharya, 2008). They gw people a problem. Think of a word that will form a compound werd or phrase with each of three other words in the ple erakunde, and a buttono brain activity is the first experb half the warhed GRIMRI unteral Metrevealed the problemer den Alat inight. Before the same, the problemer fra les NAN are involved in focusing it) were active. At the last of disco ery, there was bars in the righ moral lobe, how the car (FIGURES the best whe prioreftting or being done to alien Koblih Odlinger, 2008 Micalle, 1986. When the answer The yo ak may lie in den orheen of unexpected ending die meaning “You need purchase te skydive You enly redprte te skydive Groucho Mars as the hot an depan Home I sweareder er twendencies Sede week favorites ideas deschi us then K&H 1987 Show & Sharma Incepair Wald red his tend town as the HE angur? Botanical mom us but it doet most Angus prototy at the face as mone Cases thens Chucasian and experiment Oliver Comel 24 NO TO AB CA WAS ample of a INKING, LANGUAGE, AND INTELLIGENCE CHAPTER TWINONG, LAS David ems The light ing Insight centered in my esh support giving lich university students the three- number sequence 2-4-6 and asking them to guess the rule he had used to deve the series. The rule was simple: any three ascending members.) Before submitting answers, students generated their own three number sets and Wason told them whether their sets conformed to his rule. Oncert they had the rule, they could announce The result? Seldom right but never in doubt Most students formed a wrong Idea (“Maybe it’s coming by hos”) and then searched only for confirming evidence by testing 6-8-10 100-103-104, and so forth. Ordinary people.” said Wason (1981). “evade facts, become inconsistent, or systematically defend themselves against the threat of new information relevant to the Thus, once people form a belief that vaccines cause for do not cause) tim spectrum disorder, that people can for cannot change their sexual orientation, that gun control does for does not save lives they prefer belief confirming information Once we incorrectly represent a problem, it’s hard to restructure how we approach it. If the solution to the matchstick problem in FIGURE 4cludes you, you may be experiencing fixation-an inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective. For the solution, turn the page to see FIGURE 9.7.) A prime example of fixation is mentalnet, our tendency to approach a problem with the mind-set of what has worked for us previously. Indeed, solutions that worked in the past often do work on new problems. Consider Given the sequence O-T-T-F-?-?-?, what are the final three letters? Most people have difficulty recognizing that the three final letters are live. S[ix), and Sleven). But solving this problem may make the next one case Given the sequence JF. M-A-?.?.?, what are the final three letters? If you don’t get this one, ask yourself what month it is.) As a perceptual se predisposes what we perocive, a mental set predisposes how we think; sometimes this can be an obstacle to problem solving as when our mental set from our past experiences with matchsticks predisposes us to arrange them in two dimensions. To suppress these impediments to our natural creativity, researchers have used electrical stimulation to decrease left hemisphere activity and to increase right hemisphere activity (associated with more thinking). The result was improved insight, les restrained by the assumption created by past experience (Chi & Snyder, 2011). The Availability Heuristic When we need to act quickly, the mental shortcuts we call haristies enable Map Judgments. Thanks to our minds wutomatie Information processing, Intel the judgments are instantaneous. They also are usually effective (Gigerne Sturm, 2012). However, research by cognitive pryshelegits Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman (1974) showed how these generally helpful shortcuts can lead even the smartest people into dumb decisions. The wallability heuristle operates when we estimate the likelihood of events based on how mentally wail. able they are-how easily they come to mind. Caso etice sa to pamble by spraling even small wins with bells and lights-making them mentally vivid while keeping big losses invisible. The wailability heuristic colors our dgments of other people to Anything that makes information pop inte mind-its vividness, recentness, or distinctiveness can make it seem commonplace. While this generally helps to evaluate people and situations quickly, it can also distort our perceptions. If someone from a particular ethnle of religious group commits a terrorist act, as happened on September II. Rhe 2001, our readily available memory of the dramatie event may be 10036 shape our impression of the whole group Even during that horrific year, terrorist acts claimed compar atively few lives. Yet when the statistical reality of greater 0952 dangers (see FIGURE 8.5) was pitted against the 11 terror, the DO memorable case won Emotion-laden image of terror exacer hated our fears (Sunstein, 2007) Although our fears often protect us, we sometimes fear the wrong things. (See Thinking Critically About: The Fear Facte on the next page.) We fear fying because we visualise air disas 50904 ters. We fear letting our sons and daughters walk to school because we see mental snapshots of abducted and brutalized children. We fear swimming in ocean waters because we replay Jaws with ourselves as victims. Even passing by a person who om 10 ww would four Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments – What is intuition, and how can the availability heuristic overconfidence, belief perseverance, and framing influence our decisions and judgments? When making each day’s hundreds of judgments and decisions Should I see jacket? Can I trust this person? Should Isoce the baseball or pass to the player who’s hor?), we seldom take the time and effort to reason systematically. We just follow our Intaltion-our fast. automatic, unreasoned feelings and thoughts After interviewing policy makers in government, business, and education, social psychologist Irving Janis (1986) concluded that they often do not use a reflectie problem-solving approach. How do they usually arrive at their deciso If you ask, they are likely to tell you… they do it mostly by the war of their Increating these problem weise Pop Arbensed Amos Tvensky (1945) tive thost of the time… Merahat of midgets usb Denekanan (2008 CHAPTER THINIONG, LANGUAGE AND INTELLIGENCE CHAPTER THE THINEINE CRITICALLY ABOUT The Fear Factor-Why We Fear the Wrong Things What factors contribute to in late 2001 y Man our fear of unikaly events? that because of Wifew 20 Alter the 11 tadany people and perts and Crove Mail those fying more than oing in a 2006 Gelin wewnies, bout 800 more people Survey, only 40 percent of American would die in the yewer the 9/11 reported being no raid toty. We yer 2001 Cermen cholest com Card from 2009 to 2011 Anerken we Glorer 7004 2006 Calcomater tort times more rely to die in a pererer 2012 whecked west mare pe tudent at Why vehide wider than on a scheduled National Safety Counck, 2014. In 2011 didn’t think to do that strak desha people died in U.S. caer light tud ad indeed increase sificantly in the last three months of 2001 FIGURE 4. accidents, while were fas in 2010 Ged on scheduled whes When tyng the the end of 2002, Gestimated met de part of the trip is the che 1600 Americans had lost their lives on the to the port road by trying to weld the risk of lying Why do we in de regler the wrong things? Why o may ka pareve te help when the children Bay to be pley, 2007. In 2013, any Americans more to which Wiled to one who contract the United Stane then When which is one 24,000 America. Pochoinputs have certed finances that feed to and to get 1. Wer what our moral prepared us to Humano were road tested in the Son Ou old bra prestare 2121 sis where and spiders which combined with fraction of the wered by modern day such as casas de Yerde the arcante ment and and there we yine 2. Wewe coming corto flying 1 Warweide. The dog of lying are most cop In the momentowel and landing the dangers of ringwederom mayone, analys 4. Thanks to the there we forward most readily available memory: Vivid make the al cush, feel ouders ofast. Surn attacks altar on American per year, while heart disease s 300.000–but in mucho wash, and thus many people fear ser more than rettes or the elects of whether Day 2018 Sy we remember and fear widespreaders ricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes people tramatically inches But we fear to the crew that the calves one contingut Hovedos and comes renewed control 2015, Alicants auty were swart sete Numbers 100 3500 3400 1300 1000 3000 1000 2600 2 270 Scared to deadly highways images of /etched a sharper image 2000 in American mind than did the millions of free tights on US alines during 2002 and after Druck events we ready to 2400 200 memory and they pe o person in the tree months aferil those faulty perceptions bed more pericans to travel and 2200 some to by (Dut from Gigeren 20d) Dramatic death in bunches breed concern and fear The memorable 2010 Haitian earthquake the one 250,000 people stang de cording to the World Herita earthquake of poverty and mataria was ng tuny people mally in Africa www American every day one by oneina erant in Pa Gause that each yeah montres de com Thivalent of our “Don’t believe everything you think psycholog Palas (2007) pois, nally and neglect probabile. We were and underthink. In one experiment, down to a carving role when her was accompanied by statisti cal into the millions of African children like her smaller al. 2007). The more bedie, the less we cannoted Sovie (2010). “Global warming treabecewa cold ayl Alstrewe wonder over because Son Cart New 2014 ses and coughs can heightes our Mens of wrous health risks tee et al. 2010). And so, thanks to such readily available inaper, we come to fear Meanwhile, the lack of available images of future climate change disse which some chemists regard “Armageddon in slow motion has le most little concerned crew, 2014). What’s more the available than slow people dimate change is our recently experienced local weather, which tells us weth Usually hot local weather increases people worry about global climate warm ing, while a recent cold day reduces their concern and overwhelmse mer De scientific data (Li et al., 2011). After Hurricane Sandy devastated Newsney its residents’ vivid experience of extreme weather increased their environmental ise (Rudman et al. 2013) Dramatic outcomes make us can probabilities we hardly grasp As of 2011 some 40 nations have to harness the positive power of vivid, mora he image by putting eye-catch warnings and graphic photos packages dan, 2013). This can has worked hang 2013). As Overconfidence Smetimes cordemes and deci pwwty simply because we are we confidence Acrow various as peaple were mate their perfor man (Meca, 1993, 1 60 percent of people correctly answer a actual que thon, such as he liqueur precis some they will typically lique) This tendency to everestimate the accuracy of our knowledge and de percent confidence 1977licore lored mens ronfidence It was a verident that before exploded drilling platform speed all the Gulf of Mexica, doled safety concerns and headwplayed the overcondence the bendency to be more content than correct strate the county of our hand CHAPTER THINCING LANGUAGE AND INTELLIGENCE CHAPTER THINCINO spill’s magnitude (Mohr et al, 2010;Urbina, 2010). It is awerconfidence that drives stockbrokers and mestment managers to market their ability to performe stock market werapes (Malkle, 2012). A purchase of stock X, recommended by a broker who judge this to be the time to bury, is usually balanced by a sale made by someone who judges this to be the time to sell. Despite the confidence, buyer and seller cannot both be right Overconfidence can se can also feed extreme political views. People with a superficial understanding ng of proposals for cap-and-trade carbon emissions or a national flat con views. Asking them to explain the details of express strong proor these policies exposes om them to their own ignorance, which in turn leads them to express more moderate views derate vir erhach et al., 2011). Sometimes the less people know, the more immoderate Classrooms are full of overconfident It students who expect to finias write papers ahead of schedule (Buehler et al., 1999, 2002). In fact, these projects generally take about twice the fallacy underestimating the e and cost of construction projects, which often finish Overconfidence can have adaptive value People who er on the side of over let your own behavior When wil Sence live more happily. The seeming competence can help them in Influence Anderson et al., 2012). Moreover geen prompt and clear feedback hish reading his chapter weather forecasters receive after each day’s prediction, we can learn to be more realistle about the accuracy of our judgments (Fischhodl, 1982). The windoro ter’s we always take longer know when we know a thing and when we do not is bors of experience. you expect, even when you ht Hotsader’s Det Godel taches Belief Perseverance Bach The Terra Golden Druid Our overeenfidence is standing qually so is our belief per e- tendency to cling to our belief in the face of contrary evidence. One study of belief perseverance engaged people with opposing views of capital punishment and you know this to hold that you et al., 1979). After studying two supposedly new searching one per do not ing and the other refuting the claim that the death penalty deters reach to allow that you do not know it own beliefs. And each read snowie ily disputed the other study. Thus, showing Cena ….Analects group the commised evidence actual in Te rein in single belief remedy edit Con participants to be us objective and abused as possible” (Lordet al. 1984). The plea did nothing to reduce based cons of one. They to consider Whether you would have made the same high or local cact the same study produced results on the lor side of the “Havinima ined and pondered eppes findings, these people became much lebed The more we come to appreciate why our belids might be the more tightly we cling to them. Once beliefs form and get justified. It takes more compelling evidence to change them than it did to create them. Predio pet Belies oftener The Effects of Framing Framing the way we present an was our decisions and des Imagine to worrons explaining a risk Otels patients that 10 percent people die during the warpery. The other patients that percevhe Although the information is the same, the effect is not oth patients and phos cians perceive greater risk when they hear that 10 percent die Mate 1989 McNeil et al., 1988, Rothman & Slovey, 19971. es Framing can be a powerful personal Carefully puedande people toward decides that could benefit them or society as a whole na Thaler,201) Thaler & Sustein. 2008): Ency to barger des in many European countries as well as the United States, those renewing their driver’s license can decide whether they want to be organ doners. In we countries, the deal option is but people can opt out. Nearly 100 percent of the people is prout countries have agreed to be done. In the United States, Brain, and Germany, the deak option is but people can opt in. In these contre less than half have agreed to be donors Hal. 2013; Johnson & Cold, 2003) . Nigby employees to sew for their retirement. A 2006 persen low recor- nied the fing effect. Before that low employees who wanted to contri ute to a retirement plan typically had to choose a lower take home pay, which few people will do. Companies can now automatically enroll their employ ees in the plan bat allow them to post. Under the new voluntary opeout arrangement, enrollments in one analysis of 34 million workers are from 59 to 36 percent (Rober, 2010). • Boosting der Wenn sie ihan 72 cmt. One e Models were up by a hard on which they weraged 72 out of 100 So on the next euan, he made the highest possible score 137 points. Although the core of any 70 percent correct, the students were delighed alt fel och better than 72). Se he continued the reframed exam thereafter the 2015). The point to remember: Those who understand the power of framing can use for good or illeur decisions The Perils and Powers of Intuition – How do smart thinkers use intuition? The perils of Intuition–irrational fears, cloudyjne, illegal reasoning foed gut fears and prejudices. Errational thinking can perseven when people are offered extra pay for thinking an even when they are asked to stify their answers, and even when they expert plans ce clinicians (Shakira Lellet 2002). Highly intelligent people including US federalnice in or study are allarly vulnerable to In distortions Reyna 2014: Sandwich et al. 2013) Even very year people can make motoare mens. Sa are our heads indeed hilled with T.S.ed? Throughout this to you will see samples of smart ini In brief .is (Simon. 2001), speed what we’ve learned and our brains but can’t fully explai Chamy & Geet 2011; Gore Nader Smith, 2001). Chess meen display this tacit expertisches where the balance, they into the remove it, 2004). Wewe expertise is the martw quick dels of experienced mure, fighters, artritis, reclans, and tractand chees can be the deed, ng may divupe well presents such ting free throws all of us who has de de special skill what feels like this ally acquired to power in an even ay sigui, Our andrerit lets into the aume that funny logo are for which they are exceptos for more Seigner whose who lose threatened the play scally react waily Newlyweds her react the well predict their happiness Nuts al 2003). Our wedi the feelings you with capital al punt de se – THINKING, LANGUAGE AND INTELLIGENCE CHAPTER THING • Iwon flows from cos process. Today’s cognitive science offers many examples of unconscious automatic Influences on our udgments (Custer & Aarts, 2010). Cenakker Most people guess that the more complex the choice, the smarter is to make decisions rationally mother than intuitively (Inbar et al., 2010). Actually, Dutch pychologists have shown that in making complex decisions, we benefit by iting our brain work on a problem without consciously thinking about it (Strick et al., 2010, 2011). In one series of expert ments, three groups of people rend complex information (for example, about apartments of soccer matches). The first groups partiparts stated their pref. crence immediately after reading Information about four possible options. The second group, given awal minutes to analyse the information, made slightly smarter decisions. But wisest of all, in several studies was the third group whose attention was distracted for a time, enabling their minds to make in automatk, unconscious processing of the complex information. The practical lesson Letting a problem incubate” while we tend to other things can pay dividends (Sto & Ormerod, 2009). Pacing a difficult decision involving lots of facts, we’re wise to gather all the information we can, and then say “Give me some time not to think about this. By taking time to sleep on it, we lecer unconscious metal machinery work. Thanks to our active brain, noncon scious thinking reasoning, problem solving decision making planning is surprisingly astute (Creswell et al., 2013, Hassin, 2013; Lin & Murray, 2015) Crities note that some studies have not found the supposed power of uncon scious thought and remind us that deliberate, conscious thought also furthers smart thinking (Lassiter et al., 2009: Newell, 2015: Nieuwvel et al, 2015, Payme et al, 2008). In challenging situations, superior decision makers, includ. ing chess players, take time to think (Moxley et al., 2012). And with many sorts of problems, deliberative thinkers are aware of the intuitive options, but know when to override k (Mata et al., 2013). Consider A hat and a ball together cost 110 cents The bar costs 100 cents more than the ball How much does the ball cost? Most people’s intuithe response 10 centis wrong, and a few of deliberate thinking reveals why. The bottom Our two-truck mind makes sweet harmony as art, critical thinking listens to the creative whispers of our vast unseen mind and then evalu wes evidence, les conclusions, and plans for the future Creativity like Wilele supported by a curtain level of pede (ability to learn Those who score exceptionally high in quantitative (math) spelade as 13-year-olds. for sample, are more likely to obtain graduate scene and math degrees and create published or patented work (Park et al. 2008: Robertson et al., 2010). Greater intel- igence and working memory boost creativity (Aresco et al, 2011; Hambrick & Melnr. 2011). But creativity is more than school marts, and it requires a differ ant kind of thinking Aptitude tests such as the SAT, which demanda single cor answer require convergent thinking Creativity tests (How many you think of forebri) require expensive, divergent thinking Robert Stenberg and his colleagues e creativity has flw components (Sternberg. 1988, 2003 Sternberg & Labart, 1991, 1992) 1. Expertise well-developed knowledge-furnishes the seas, images, and phrases we use as meal building blocks. “Chance favors only the prepared mind.” observed Louis Pasteur. The more Socks we have the more chances we have to combine them in move ways. Wilex well-developed knowledge put the needed theorems and methods as disposal 2. Imaginative thinking skill provide the ability to see things to move ways to recognize patterns, and to make connections. Having mastered a problems basle elements, we redefine or explore in a new way. Wiles Imaginative solution combined two partial solutions 3. A wesome personality seeks new experiences, tolerates ambiguity and risk, and perseveres in overcoming obstacles. Wiles said he labored in a Isolation from the mathematies community partly to stay focused and void distraction. Such determination is an enduring trail 4. Intrinsic motivation is the quality of being driven more by interest faction, and challenge than by external pressures (Amabile & Hennessey 1992). Creative people focus les con extrinsic motivators-meeting deadlines, impressing people, or making money-than on the pleasure and stimulation of the work itself. As Wiles nood, was so bessed by this problem that I was thinking about it all the time–[from when I woke up in the morning to when I went to sleep at night” (Singh & Riber, 1997). 5. A creative environment sparks, wippert, refines creative Ideas Wiles stood on the shoulders of others and collaborated with a former student. Aber studying the careers of 2036 prominences and Inventors, Dean Keith Simonton (1992) noted that the most eminent were mentored, challenged, and supported by their colleagues Creativity fostering environments supportin vation, team building and communication (Halder et al, 2009. They aho minimize ansiety and foster template (Byren Khananchi, 2011). After Jonas Salkoheda problem chat led to the polla vaccine while vising amo astery, he designed the Malk the to provide contemplative species where scientists work without interruption Sternberg, 2005) For those werking to be the creative process, research offers come Ideas Develope. Ask yourself what you care about and most enjoy Follow your and become an expert omething webbanon. With such a lowledge-theral bulblacks we need to cre a connection period of tim roblem epigoni) allows for automate processing to formato cana. 2008). So think and on a problem, the wide and are back iola Ser for them to Take time way from attenti absorbing distractions. Creativity from deel te (S.2012… Soal walk of mediate Seren Seeds Thinking Creatively ity to produce 9. What is creativity, and what fosters it? Creativity is the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable CHennessey & Amalik, 2010). Consider Princeton mathematician Andrew Wiles Incredible, creative moment in 1994. Pierre de Permai, & seventeenth-century mischievous gens, had challenged mathematicians of this day to match his solu tions to various member they problems. His most famous challenge Fear’s last scoren-baffled the greatest mathematical minds, even after a 2 million prize in today dolland was offered a 1908 to whoever first created a proof Wiles had pondered Fermat’s theorem for more than 30 years and had come to the brink of a solution. One morning, cut of the blue the final incredible reve lation struck him. It was reindescribably beautiful, it was so simple and so dlegant. I couldn’t understand how I’d missed it I was the most important moment of my working life (Singh, 1997, p 25) ng nanowing the problems over hele pas NCUACE, AND INTELLIGENCE CHAPTER THINCING, LANCACL AND INTELLIGENCE • Experienwoherce and often Living abroad sets the creative Jokes flowing. When after controlling for other variables, students who have pent time thread and embraced their host culture are more adept at work ing out create solutions to problems (Lee et al, 2012; Theret al, 2012) Multicultural experiences expose us to multiple perspectives and facilitate flexible thinking and may other simules for creativity of difference from others im l. 2013 Rier et al. 2012). also form concepts, such as and dog. After monkeys Lamed these concept, certain from llobe neurons in their brain fired in response to wa Images, when to w “doglike Images Creedman et al, 2001) Displaying Insight Pychologist Wolfgang Kohler (1925/1957) showed that we are not the only creatures to display insight. He placed a piece of fruk and a long stick outside the cage of a chimpanzee named Sultan beyond his reach. Inside the cape. he placed a short, which Sultan grabbed using it to try to reach the full After several failed time, he dropped the sand seemed to sury these tion. The only as if thinking “Ahal. Sultan jumped up and see the short again. This time, he used in to pull in the longer stick which he then used rach the fruit. Apes have even Nied foresight by storing a tool they could use to lead the west day (Mulcahy & Call, 2006). Birds, to have dis

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