Complete the above questions and please show work: (1): A cohort study is conducted to
Complete the above questions and please show work: (1): A cohort study is conducted to assess the association between clinical characteristics and the risk of stroke. The study involves n = 1250 participants who are free of stroke at the study start. Each participant is assessed at study start (baseline) and every year thereafter for 5 years. Table 3.8 displays data on hypertension status measured at baseline and hypertension status measured 2 years later. Table 3.8 Hypertension at Baseline and Two Years later Two Years Later: Not Hypertensive Two Years Later: Hypertensive Baseline: Not hypertensive 850 148 Baseline: hypertensive 45 207 (A): Compute the prevalence of hypertension at baseline. (B):Compute the prevalence of hypertension at 2 years. ( C): Compute the cumulative incidence of hypertension over 2 years. (2): The data shown in Table 3.9 were collected in the study described in Problem 1 relating hypertensive status measured at baseline to incident stroke over 5 years. Table 3.9 Hypertension at Baseline and Stroke 5 Years Later Free of Stroke at Five Years Stroke Baseline: Not hypertensive: 952 46 Baseline: hypertensive 234 18 (A): Compute the cumulative incidence of stroke in this study. (B): Compute the cumulative incidence of stroke in patients classified as hypertensive at baseline. (C ): Compute the cumulative incidence of stroke in patients free of hypertension at baseline. (D): Compute the risk difference of stroke in patients with hypertension as compared to patients free of hypertension. (E) Compute the relative risk of stroke in patients with hypertension as compared to patients free of hypertension. (3 ): A case-control study is conducted to assess the relationship between heavy alcohol use during the first trimester of pregnancy and miscarriage. Fifty women who suffered miscarriage are enrolled, along with 50 who delivered full term. Each participant’s use of alcohol during pregnancy is ascertained. Heavy drinking is defined as four or more drinks on one occasion. Table 3.10 Alcohol Use and Outcome of Pregnancy Miscarriage Delivered Full Term Heavy alcohol use 14 4 No heavy alcohol use 36 46 (A): Compute the odds of miscarriage in women with heavy alcohol use during pregnancy. (B): Compute the odds of miscarriage in women with no heavy alcohol use during pregnancy. (C ): Compute the odds ratio for miscarriage as a function of heavy alcohol use. (4): A randomized trial is conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a new cholesterol-lowering medication. The primary outcome is incident coronary artery disease. Participants are free of coronary artery disease at the start of the study and randomized to receive either the new medication or a placebo. Participants are followed for a maximum of 10 years for the development of coronary artery disease. The observed data are shown in Table 3.11. Table 3.11 Incident Coronary Artery Disease by Treatment Number of Participants Number with Coronary Artery Disease Cholesterol medication 400 28 Placebo 400 42 (A): Compute the relative risk of coronary artery disease in patients receiving the new cholesterol medication as compared to those receiving a placebo. (B): Compute the odds ratio of coronary artery disease in patients receiving the new cholesterol medication as compared to those receiving a placebo. (C ): Which measure is more appropriate in this design, the relative risk or odds ratio? Justify briefly. (5): In the study described in Problem 4, some patients were not followed for a total of 10 years. Some suffered events (i.e., developed coronary artery disease during the course of follow-up), whereas others dropped out of the study. Table 3.12 displays the total number of person-years of follow-up in each group. Table 3.12 Total Follow-Up Time by Treatment Cholesterol medication 28 Number with Coronary Artery Disease 3451 Total Follow-Up (years) Placebo 42 Number with Coronary Artery Disease 2984 Total Follow-Up (years) (A): Compute the incidence rate of coronary artery disease in patients receiving the new cholesterol medication. (B): Compute the incidence rate of coronary artery disease in patients receiving a placebo. (6): A small cohort study is conducted in 13 patients with an aggressive cellular disorder linked to cancer. The clinical courses of the patients are depicted graphically in Figure 3.5. Figure 3.5 Clinical Course for Patients with Aggressive Cellular DisorderDescription (A): Compute the prevalence of cancer at 12 months. (B): Compute the cumulative incidence of cancer at 12 months. ( C ): Compute the incidence rate (per month) of cancer. (D): Compute the incidence rate (per month) of death. (7): Five hundred people are enrolled in a 10-year cohort study. At the start of the study, 50 have diagnosed CVD. Over the course of the study, 40 people who were free of CVD at baseline develop CVD. (A): What is the cumulative incidence of CVD over 10 years? (B): What is the prevalence of CVD at baseline? ( C ): What is the prevalence of CVD at 10 years? (8): A total of 150 participants are selected for a study of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. At baseline (study start), 24 are classified as hypertensive. At 1 year, an additional 12 have developed hypertension, and at 2 years another 8 have developed hypertension. What is the prevalence of hypertension at 2 years in the study? What is the 2-year cumulative incidence of hypertension?
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