DISCUSSION FIVE PARTS: Note: (My Topic/phenomenon of

DISCUSSION FIVE PARTS: Note: (My Topic/phenomenon of interest is “Pain Self-management Among African American Young Adults.”) Post an explanation of the phenomenon of interest you have identified and explain why. Describe 2-3 concepts of your topic Explain the possible conceptual relationships between the concepts. For example, if your concept is hope what is its relationship to resilience, wishing, or coping? If your concept is fear, how is it related to being afraid or scared? Or, if your concept is coping how is it related to resilience? Explain HOW you could show the relationships between these concepts. Be specific. For example, if hope increases does resilience increase? If coping increases in a positive manner, does resilience increase too? Explain possible theories that would support your concepts and conceptual relationships. For example if your concept is coping how does Lazarus and Folkman’s theory support this concept? Post an explanation of the phenomenon of interest you have identified and explain why. Describe 2-3 concepts of your topic and explain the possible conceptual relationships between the concepts. Then, explain how you could show the relationships between these concepts. Be specific. Also explain possible theories that would support your concepts and conceptual relationships. Ensure that you clearly define and differentiate each of these terms and provide evidence to support a possible theoretical foundation for your study. Cite scholarly resources to support your post. LEARNING RESOURCES Required Readings McEwen, M., & Wills, E. M. (2019). Theoretical basis for nursing (5th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. Chapter 3, “Concept Development: Clarifying Meaning of Terms” (pp. 49-70) Chapter 20, “Application of Theory in Nursing Research” (pp. 452-474) Gray, J. R., & Grove, S. K. (2021). Burns & Grove’s the practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence (9th ed.). Elsevier. Chapter 8, “Frameworks” (pp. 170-189) Required Media Walden University, LLC. (2014). Phenomena of interest [Video]. Walden University Canvas. https://waldenu.instructure.com Note: This media program is approximately 5 minutes. Walden University, LLC. (2014). Theoretical foundation for research [Video]. Walden University Canvas. https://waldenu.instructure.com Note: This media program is approximately 12 minutes. Learning Resources Tips/main points Week 1 Gray & Grove (2021) The goal of research is to validate and refine existing knowledge or generate new knowledge Inductive reasoning – specific to general – ex. A headache is an altered state of health Deductive reasoning – general to specific – ex. All human beings experience loss Science is a body of knowledge of research findings and tested theory specific to a discipline Chapter 8 Theory is a set of concepts defined and interrelated to present a view of a phenomenon Research builds EBP for nursing Empirical evidence describes, explains, predicts, and controls A theoretical framework is an abstract, logical structure of meaning that guides development of study and links findings to a body of nursing knowledge (Meleis, 2012) A concept is abstract and we often derive it from other disciplines A statement with abstracts can be relational or not; they may have direction (positive, negative, or not sure), shape (linear), strength (-1, 0, +1), sequential, have a probability of occurrence, necessary, and/or sufficient (if A, then B, regardless of anything else) Propositions (abstract, formal statements of the relationship between or among concepts) can be general, specific, or hypothetical Grand theories or conceptual models – high level of abstraction (Rogers’ science of unitary human being, Newman’s theory of health as expanding consciousness; middle-range theories – less abstract (Kolcaba’s comfort theory, Swanson’s theory of caring, Reed’s theory of self-transcendence) Critical appraisal of a research framework: is the definition of the concept consistent with the theorist, does the concept reflect the construct, do the variables reflect the concepts, are the conceptual definitions validated, and are the propositions logical and defensible? Conceptual map is not a conceptual model – it is a visual representation of your research study with key concepts and relationships (statements) including arrows McEwen & Wills (2019) Science explains observed phenomenon and a system of gathering, verifying, and systematizing information into reality (science=knowledge) Three philosophies of science – received (deductive), perceived (inductive), and post modernism (contextual) Ways of knowing – empirics, personal knowledge, intuitive knowledge, somatic knowledge, spiritual knowledge, esthetics, moral/ethical knowledge Nursing is both a practice and applied science Theory contains constructs or concepts, relationships between them, and predictions Theory structures and organizes nursing knowledge Types of theories: 1) metatheory, 2) grand, 3) middle range, and 4) practice/specific. Theory contains metaparadigms of person, health, environment, and nursing Chapter 3 A concept analysis is a rigorous process of bringing clarity to the phenomenon Concepts can be concrete….or abstract Abstract concepts are less measurable Once concepts have been identified, named and developed (theoretical definition) they need to be tested with measurement (operational definition) Eight steps to the concept analysis process – concept, aim of analysis, identify all uses of concept, defining attributes, model case, borderline cases etc., antecedents and consequences, empirical referents Theory helps us solve clinical problems or improve outcomes Theory can be developed in a number of ways: 1) theory leads to practice leads to theory, 2) theory leads to research leads to theory, 3) practice leads to theory, and 4) research leads to theory Theory that is descriptive names and classifies; theory that is explanatory relates concepts to one another (correlational research); predictive theory focuses on outcomes (experimental research- highest level – actions to reach goals) Chapter 20 First nurse theorist – Florence Nightingale Steps of research process – step 3 is defining the conceptual/theoretical framework and develop conceptual (or theoretical) definitions Theory drives our research questions and hypotheses Theory can help you 1) describe how it was used in related research, 2) operationalize your design (if the theory describes relationship between concepts it supports your correlational design), 3) guide data collection methods, 4) guide analysis of data, and 5) play into suggestions for future research and practice Types of theory – does it describe, explain, or predict? Prediction is usually reserved for experimental research studies. Consider how theory fits into an organization’s research agenda Phenomena of Interest video A theoretical framework provides a BIG picture – like a big forest with individual trees Make observations Look at the literature – apply other factors, look at things a different way Have you identified a problem – what bothers you? Do you see something frequently? Is there a situation with no good answers? Take time to contemplate this. Theoretical foundation for research video Theory provides focus Theory can describe, explain, predict, and/or control the phenomenon One study does not make a theory A graphic model links concepts and relationships (positive, negative, one way, two way, etc.) SCIENCE HEALTH SCIENCE NURSING NUR 680

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