KNES 341 Concepts of Motor Learning Chapter 1 the Basics

KNES 341 Concepts of Motor Learning Chapter 1 the Basics The scientific method in skills research Theories and experimental design Difference between motor learning and motor performance Defining skills Performance proficiency perspective Components of skills Three elements critical to most skills Classifying motor skills into categories 1-D taxonomies: closed and open; examples of each discrete, serial, and continuous; examples of each Tracking tasks Common variables used to measure performance Absolute Error Constant Error Variable Error Root Mean Squared Error Conceptual Model of Motor Performance Chapter 2 Processing Information and Making Decisions Information processing approach to understanding motor performance Stages of processing: stimulus id, response selection, and response programming Model 2.2 p.22 or Model 2.3 p. 27 RT MT Fore-period Response Time=RT + MT Simple RT Choice RT Stimulus-response (S-R) compatibility Hick’s Law p. 27-28 or p. 31-32 Donder’s Stages of Processing p. 26-27 or p.33 Population Stereotypes Factor influencing the speed with which information is processed and decision making in motor performance Factors Influencing RT and decision making Anticipation Spatial (event) and temporal anticipation Disadvantages, advantages and strategies of anticipation Memory and Motor Performance Short term sensory store (STSS) Short term memory (STM) Long term memory (LTM) Chapter 3: Attention and Performance Attention: definition and properties Attention: limited & serial in nature Limited attentional capacity as illustrated with two tasks fig. 3.1 p.42 or p. 50 Stroop effect Cost vs. benefits of automaticity Improves with a stable environment Practicing automaticity p.48 Consistent stimulus-response mapping Varied stimulus-response mapping Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA) p. 51-53 or p. 60-63 SOA = 50 ms SOA= 200 ms SOA= less than 40 ms Single Channel Hypothesis p. 52 or p. 62 Psychological refractory period (PRP) Bottleneck Theory Principles of effective “Faking” p. 52-53 or p. 62 Probe Task Technique p. 53-54 or p. 62-65 Bimanual coordination Role of timing and rhythm Potential causes of Limitations During Stimulus ID Stage Parallel processing-stimulus identification stage Cocktail Party Effect Inattention Blindness Sustained Attention and Factors that Affect it: Individual Factors: motivation, arousal, and fatigue Environmental Factors: temperature and noise Task Factors: nature of task and visual search Limitations in Response Programming Stage: Automatic processing – later stages of learning Limitations in Movement Programming Double Stimulation Paradim p. 50-51 or p. 61 Focus of Attention Internal & External (Broad and Narrow) Arousal and Anxiety on motor performance Arousal- high & low, Anxiety and Trait anxiety Inverted U principle Perceptual narrowing Cue- utilization hypothesis Chocking under pressure Chapter 4 Sensory Information Central & Peripheral Nervous Systems Afferent & Efferent Pathways Parts of the brain Cerebellum Vision and Audition kinesthesis, Golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles, vestibular apparatus, cutaneous receptors The McGurk effect of vision on hearing Sources of sensory information Exteroception Proprioception Inherent feedback Closed-loop control system Executive, Effector, Comparator, Input, output Open-loop systems Executive, Input, Output Movements that work best with closed and open-loop systems Advantages and disadvantages of closed and open-loop systems for movement production Reflexes Monosynaptic stretch reflex M1: Onset/Latency of 30 ms to 50 ms Polysynaptic Stretch reflex M2: Onset/Latency of 50 ms to 80 ms M3: Onset/Latency 120 – 180 ms The Two Visual Systems Ventral & Dorsal Characteristics of them both Optical Flow Patterns Array Flow Tau-time to contact Moving Room Studies & Balance Control Visual Dominance and Visual Capture quiet-eye phenomenon in experts blindsight phenomenon Other: Why can’t you tickle yourself? Phantom limb effect

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