please answer and explain all these questions
please answer and explain all these questions below completely and don’t skip any questions. Study Guide – Unit 5 Chapter 17 – Gas Exchange and Regulation of Breathing 1) Understand the relationship between alveoli and pulmonary arterioles, capillaries, and venules in gas exchange. 2) Understand how the anatomy of the respiratory membrane contributes to respiratory function. 3) Briefly explain partial pressures and how this relates to gas diffusion. 4) Explain the driving force for gas movement in the alveoli and systemic capillaries. 5) Explain how alveolar gas pressures differ from atmospheric pressures and what factors contribute to this. 6) Know the partial pressure differences that exist for oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and in the systemic tissues and the direction of gas diffusion in each location. 7) Know how changes in metabolic activity will affect partial pressures of gases in the systemic tissues and therefore the rate of gas exchange. 8) Describe how oxygen is transported in the blood. 9) Explain why hemoglobin (Hb) is a protein well-suited for oxygen transport. 10) Understand how the law of mass action drives oxygen binding to Hb affects oxygen loading and unloading in the lungs and systemic tissues. 11) Understand the normal changes in Hb saturation in arterial and venous blood at rest. 12) Explain the factors that affect Hb affinity for oxygen and how these change to promote oxygen loading and unloading in the lungs and systemic tissues. 13) Describe the 3 main ways carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. 14) a. Explain the role of carbonic anhydrase in carbon dioxide transport. b. Know the full reaction and be able to predict how the reaction will progress based on the law of mass action. 15) Explain the importance of the carbonic anhydrase reaction in acid-base balance of the blood. 16) Explain the series of events that occurs in the systemic capillaries and veins to load carbon dioxide from the tissues. 17) Explain the series of events that occurs in the pulmonary capillaries to unload carbon dioxide from the blood in the lungs. 18) Describe the goal of controlling minute alveolar ventilation. What must be maintained? 19) Briefly describe the neural control of breathing muscles. 20) Know the main respiratory control centers in the brainstem. 21) Explain what the peripheral chemoreceptors and central chemoreceptors each monitor and how they control ventilation by the chemoreceptor reflex. 22) Describe the changes that occur in the blood with hypoventilation and hyperventilation. 23) a. Briefly describe ventilation and perfusion. b. What is the normal ventilation-perfusion ratio that the respiratory system works to maintain? 24) Explain how oxygen and carbon each work to locally control ventilation and perfusion. 25) Explain the changes that will occur when there is a high ventilation-perfusion ratio and low ventilation-perfusion ratio. 26) Describe the two respiratory reserve mechanisms. 27) a. Know the narrow range that blood pH is maintained at. b. Describe how the respiratory system contributes to the regulation of blood pH. 28) Describe how hemoglobin and bicarbonate serve as buffers in the blood. 29) Know the ratio of bicarbonate : carbon dioxide that must be maintained for normal blood pH. 30) a. Know the risks of acidosis and alkalosis. b. Understand what causes respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis. SCIENCE HEALTH SCIENCE NURSING MPHYSO 101
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