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please paraphrase and put into paragraph form: First-line: IV hydration with isotonic fluids (0.9% N
please paraphrase and put into paragraph form: First-line: IV hydration with isotonic fluids (0.9% NS or LR) to reduce sickling and improve perfusion. Pain Control: NSAIDs (e.g., ketorolac, ibuprofen) for mild-to-moderate pain if renal function is normal. Opioids (e.g., IV morphine, hydromorphone) for severe pain, particularly in SCD vaso-occlusive crisis (NHLBI, 2014). Avoid meperidine (Demerol) due to the risk of seizures in SCD patients. Adjunctive Therapies: Heat therapy, distraction techniques, or cognitive behavioral therapy may be helpful. Oxygen therapy only if hypoxic (<92%), as excessive Oâ‚‚ can suppress erythropoiesis.
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