QUESTIONS 1-20 ARE TRUE/FALSE 1.) A case control study can

QUESTIONS 1-20 ARE TRUE/FALSE 1.) A case control study can be used to estimate relative risk (RR) when the disease is rare and cases and controls both represent the population from which they are drawn. Group of answer choices True False Next 2. Case control and cohort studies are considered analytical observational study designs, while migrant and prevalence surveys are considered descriptive studies. Group of answer choices True False 3. Germ theory was the belief that the disease was caused by exposure to bad air associated with putrifying bogs. Group of answer choices True False 4. Sentinel surveillance involves monitoring for events within specific groups that might serve as a warning. Group of answer choices True False 5.Migrant studies help a researcher determine if the association is due to genetics or environmental exposure. Group of answer choices True False 6.A disadvantage of an ecological study is that the researcher cannot test a hypothesis. Group of answer choices True False 7.Best indicators of health in a nation are infant mortality and life expectancy. Group of answer choices True False 8.) A researcher can calculate relative risk from both case cohort and nested case control studies because the subjects are followed over time to developing disease. Group of answer choices True False 9.)Recall bias is when a subject reports a different answer to an interview question, based on how they feel the person interviewing them would want them to respond. Group of answer choices True False 10.)A biological marker is one of the most objective ways to assess exposure. Group of answer choices True False 11.)Screening programs are useful for primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. Group of answer choices True False 12.)In a study that involves matching on age, gender, race and education, the researcher is still able to study the effects of age on the disease outcome. Group of answer choices True False 13.) In ranking the order of weakest to strongest type of studying for indicating an association, the list is as follows: case series< cross sectional < case control < cohort < clinical trial Group of answer choices True False 14.)A confounder can be an intermediate step between the exposure of interest and the disease outcome. Group of answer choices True False 15.)A necessary cause is a factor that must be present in order for disease to occur. Group of answer choices True False 16.) Among the causal relationships, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis is an example of a necessary but not sufficient cause. Group of answer choices True False 17.)The lower the herd immunity, the less likely there will be an outbreak. Group of answer choices True False 18.) Prevalence represents the burden of disease in a community while incidence represents risks. Group of answer choices True False 19.)Random error does not decrease with increasing sample size within your study. Group of answer choices True False 20.) One of the important criteria in determining a causal association is dose response. Group of answer choices True False 21- 40 SELECT THE RIGHT ANSWER 21. It has been suggested that physicians may examine women who use oral contraceptives more often or more thoroughly than women who do not. If so, and if an association is observed between phlebitis and oral contraceptive use, the association may be due to: Group of answer choices Interview bias Nonresponse bias Selection bias Recall bias Surveillance bias 22. The term ecological fallacy refers to: Group of answer choices None of the answers are correct An interventional study involving an environmental factor Faulty reasoning in analysis due to low p-value Assigning the exposure at the population level to the individuals in the study Studying populations that move from one country to another and assessing adverse health outcomes 23.)Which of the following is an advantage of a case control study: Group of answer choices Dependence on recall by subjects in the study is minimized. Bias in the assessment of exposure to the factor of interest is minimized. Multiple disease outcomes following a selected exposure can be readily studied. It may be used to study etiology of rare disease. It is possible to determine the true incidence of the disease. 24.)A convenience sample for selecting controls might include: Group of answer choices Any of the options listed here Neighbors of cases Hospital/clinic patients Friends Peers (best friends) 25. Epidemiological studies of the roles of a suspected factor in the etiology of a disease may be observational or experimental. The essential difference between experimental and observational studies is that in experimental investigations: Group of answer choices The study and control groups are equal in size Controls are used The investigator determines who shall be exposed to the suspected factor and who shall not The study is prospective The study and control groups are always comparable 26.) A "double blind" study of a vaccine is one in which: Group of answer choices Neither observer nor subjects know the nature of the placebo Neither the study group nor the control group knows the identity of the observers The control group does not know the identity of the study group. Neither observer nor subjects know which subject receives he vaccine and which receives a placebo The study group receives the vaccine and the control group receives a placebo 27.)A major weakness of retrospective studies of the role of a suspected factor in the etiology of a disease as compared with prospective studies is that: Group of answer choices There may be bias in determining the presence or absence of the resulting disease There may be bias in determining the presence or absence of the suspected factor/exposure It is more difficult to assure comparability of cases and controls. They are more costly and take longer 28.)The strength of an association between a factor and a disease is best measured by: Group of answer choices Relative risk Incubation period Incidence of the disease in the total population Prevalence of the factor 29.)A controversy occurred between the proponents of drug therapy and remedial reading for patients with dyslexia. To support their position one party wrote, "of 119 patients with dyslexia, 97% showed improvement following remedial reading course." The inference that in patients with dyslexia, remedial reading is the therapy of choice is: Group of answer choices Incorrect, because no control or comparison group is being used Correct, remedial reading is the therapy of choice Incorrect, because a cohort affect may be operating Incorrect, because no test of statistical significance is being made In the investigation of an epidemic of food poisoning at a banquet, high attack rates were found for people who a roast beef as well as those who at mushroom sauce. Combinations of the two foods were than considered in the following table in the link below: Data is provided as "Capture 11" attached Thus the infective item is most likely to be: Group of answer choices The combination of roast beef with mushroom sauce Neither roast beef or mushroom sauce Mushroom sauce Roast beef The combination of mushroom sauce without roast beef 31.) A screening test for diabetes, where blood glucose is 180 mg/dl is considered positive, has a known sensitivity of 22.5%, and a known specificity off 99.7%. The prevalence of diabetes in Town X is 2.0% and in Town Y is 1.5%. The proportion of all positive test results which are false positives is (pick one): Group of answer choices Equal to the specificity of the test. The same in Town X as Town Y Lower in Town X than Town Y Higher in Town X than Town Y 32a.) You have a family practice in Groton Connecticut with a large proportion of your patients who are retired shipyard workers. You have read that people working with asbestos (as shipyard workers did), may be at increased risk of several cancers, including lung cancer. You go to MEDLINE and search for the best study that provides data on the topic. One of the studies you identify is a case-control study investigated asbestos exposures (E), lung cancer deaths (D) and cigarette smoking (F) in men living in a community with an asbestos plant. See the attached asbestos table for the data. What is the overall odds ratio for the study? (hint use the table with all men in the study) 21.3 33.3 Can not be calculated from the information given 5.2 32b.) What is the odds ratio for smokers? Capture 12 60 20 Can not be calculated from the information given 2 32c.) What is the odds ratio for nonsmokers? Capture 12 60 2 20 Can not be calculated from the information given 33d. Based on these data, which of the following is true of the men studied? The odds of dying from lung cancer is increased by asbestos exposure to a greater extent in smokers than nonsmokers Asbestos workers who never smoked are at greater risk of dying from lung cancer than non-workers who smoked. Smoking contributes independently of asbestos to the risk of dying from lung cancer The increased odds of dying from lung cancer in asbestos workers as compared to non-workers is accounted for by smoking. Asbestos workers who never smoked are at lower risk of dying from lung cancer than non-workers who smoked. 33.)A study of 200,000 subjects evenly divided between those that chewed tobacco and those that did not. The study found 191 oral cancer cases among those that chewed and 8 cases among those that did not chew tobacco. It is known that chewing tobacco is associated with increased risk for oral cancer. What is excess risk (or risk difference) based on the hypothetical study above? Report your findings per 100,000 persons. Group of answer choices 175 per 100,000 183 per 100,000 8 per 100,000 191 per 100,000 34a.)A researcher is wanting to study the effect of two different exposure factors (factor 1 and factor 2) on disease. From his study he collects the data in the table below. Using the data table in the link below (factor table for question 34), to answer the following questions. Image transcription text IQ34. A researcher is wanting to study the effect of two different exposure factors (factor 1 and factor 2) on disease. Factor 1 Factor2 Based on the data in the factor table, what type of association do the two factors appear to have? Dependent Independent 34b.) If you selected dependent as your answer for 34a, which type of dependent association (positive or negative) did you find? If you didn't find a dependent association then check that box that indicates you didn't find this association. Group of answer choices didn't find a dependent association negative positive 35a.) In a community of 120,000 persons, there were 1,200 existing cases of disease X at the beginning of 1989. During 1989, 47 new cases of disease X were diagnosed, while 400 persons died of disease X during the year from a total death of 3,500 in the community. What is the annual prevalence of disease X for this population during 1989? Group of answer choices 200 per 100,00 1,039 per 100,000 1,567 per 100,00 35b.) In a community of 120,000 persons, there were 1,200 existing cases of disease X at the beginning of 1989. During 1989, 47 new cases of disease X were diagnosed, while 400 persons died of disease X during the year from a total death of 3,500 in the community. What is the risk (incidence) of disease X for this population during 1989? 35c.) In a community of 120,000 persons, there were 1,200 existing cases of disease X at the beginning of 1989. During 1989, 47 new cases of disease X were diagnosed, while 400 persons died of disease X during the year from a total death of 3,500 in the community. What was the crude mortality during 1989? Group of answer choices 5674.3 per 100,000 2,916.7 per 100,000 Can not be calculated from the information given 150.3 per 100,000 35d.)In a community of 120,000 persons, there were 1,200 existing cases of disease X at the beginning of 1989. During 1989, 47 new cases of disease X were diagnosed, while 400 persons died of disease X during the year from a total death of 3,500 in the community. What is the cause specific mortality of disease X during 1989? Group of answer choices 52.4 per 100,000 199.1 per 100,00 333.3 per 100,000 35e.)In a community of 120,000 persons, there were 1,200 existing cases of disease X at the beginning of 1989. During 1989, 47 new cases of disease X were diagnosed, while 400 persons died of disease X during the year from a total death of 3,500 in the community. What is the proportional mortality of disease X during 1989? Group of answer choices 500.2 per 100,000 6200.1 per 100,000 11,428.6 per 100,000 35f.)In a community of 120,000 persons, there were 1,200 existing cases of disease X at the beginning of 1989. During 1989, 47 new cases of disease X were diagnosed, while 400 persons died of disease X during the year from a total death of 3,500 in the community. What is the case fatality of disease X during 1989? Group of answer choices Can not be calculated from the information given 32% 8% 65% 36a.)A randomized trial studied 242 HIV-seropositive, 2nd-trimester pregnant women to assess the efficacy of zidovudine (AZT) in preventing perinatal HIV transmission. See the data in the HIV trial data document link below: Using the data in the table, estimate the relative risk of HIV infection for infants whose mothers took zidovudine relative to infants of mothers who took placebo. Group of answer choices 33.4 1.52 2.31 0.29 36b. Based on the data in the above HIV trial data table, what is the excess risk among mothers who don't take Zidovudine having an infant infected with HIV compared to mothers who do? (Hint: you can even look at the difference in the transmission rate percentages (given in the table) between the zidovudine and the placebo groups). Group of answer choices 4.5 0.29 33.7 18.2 37a. The following are data stratified by age for two different population. The cases represent deaths. Image transcription text shuestion 37. The following are data stratified by age for two different population. The cases represent deaths. Population A Age Group Cases Young 198 ... Show more Which of the populations, A or B, has the higher crude death rate? Group of answer choices B A 37b.) In the younger age group, which population, A or B, has the higher age-specific death rates? B A 37c. In the older age group, which population, A or B, has the higher age-specific death rates? A B 37d. What is the purpose of stratifying by age group or even standardizing by age (not performed here, but could be)? Group of answer choices Because it just sounds fancier when you say something is stratified To be able to see which town to give more money to To adjust for the confounding effects by age between the two populations 39.)The authors of a research study state that cases had to be newly diagnosed with histologically confirmed glioma without previous diagnosis of a malignant neoplasm. Which of the following best describes an advantage of using incident cases instead of prevalent cases? Choose one best answer. Group of answer choices Estimates of exposure from incident cases may be less influenced by disease status. Using incident cases allows for the investigation of effects of the exposure on risk of developing disease versus those effecting duration. Using incident cases allows the investigators to directly compute relative risks. Using incident cases reduces the non-systematic error of case-control studies. Incident cases are less likely to be lost to follow up than prevalent cases. 40.)Even if the investigators are careful in the selection of cases and controls, selection bias can make interpretation of results difficult. Which of the following is NOT a situation that can produce selection bias? Choose one best answer. Group of answer choices The exposed cases are reported to registries more than unexposed. The disease status has some influence on the recall of exposures. The exposure has some influence on the process by which controls are selected. The exposure has some influence on the process of case ascertainment.

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