write a response to Fluid and electrolyte balance is critical for sustaining cellular integrity, ner

write a response to Fluid and electrolyte balance is critical for sustaining cellular integrity, nerve transmission, muscle function, and organ perfusion. Disruptions can occur through multiple pathways—renal, gastrointestinal (GI), integumentary, and third-spacing losses—each with distinct clinical consequences and nursing implications. Renal losses are typically associated with diuretic use, polyuria, or kidney disorders. These can lead to conditions such as hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis. Clinical manifestations often include hypotension, dizziness, muscle weakness, or arrhythmias (Hinkle & Cheever, 2021). Gastrointestinal losses, such as from vomiting, diarrhea, or nasogastric suctioning, cause loss of sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate, leading to dehydration and metabolic disturbances. Symptoms may include dry mucous membranes, tachycardia, and confusion. Integumentary losses occur through excessive sweating, wounds, or burns. In burn injuries, the skin’s barrier is compromised, causing significant fluid and electrolyte shifts into interstitial spaces. This can result in hypovolemia, electrolyte imbalance, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (Mekonnen et al., 2021). Third spacing is the pathological movement of fluid from the intravascular to interstitial or “third” spaces, such as in liver failure, sepsis, or trauma. This results in edema and hypotension, even though total body water remains unchanged. Nursing care must focus on early

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