solved

A 68-year-old man with a history of multiple myocardial infarctions presents to his primary care provider complaining of increasing dyspnea on exertion. He can no longer push his lawn mower around his yard and has difficulty climbing stairs. He also notes orthopnea and difficulty getting his shoes on because his feet and ankles are swollen. His provider performs a chest x-ray and notes the presence of cardiomegaly and a moderate-sized right pleural effusion.
He is referred to pulmonary where the provider performs a diagnostic thoracentesis.
Thoracentesis Results
Pleural Fluid Serum
LDH:
Pleural LDH = 100 units/L
Serum LDH = 250 units/L. (Upper limit of normal for serum LDH is 180 units/L),
Total protein:
Pleural protein = 2.5 units/L
Serum protein = 7.5 units/L
Questions
Using Lights Criteria, how do you interpret the results of the pleural fluid studies? Is this effusion a transudate or an exudate?
What are 2 common causes on the differential diagnosis for this patient’s pleural effusion?
Looking at all of the patient information and based on your top 2 differentials, what other test can be performed to confirm your diagnosis?
How should this pleural effusion be managed?
Please answer in paragraph

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