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Helen, an 80-year-old female, has worsening of

Helen, an 80-year-old female, has worsening of her left-sided heart failure. She is generally very tired, coughs frequently, and suffers from dyspnoea. She cannot walk long distances and needs to rest frequently. Her legs are also swollen from the knee down. She has gained 5 kg in the last few weeks, without noticeable changes to her waistline. Her current physical observations and body size measurements are: blood pressure of 137/83 mmHg; heart rate of 105 bpm; weight, 78 kg; height, 164 cm; and waist circumference of 88 cm. Image transcription text Helen’s previous medical history reveals a myocardial infarctioning occlusion of a branch of the left coronary artery at age 52 years. Helen’s fasting blood test results aged 52: Parameter Helen’s value Reference range LDL 3.9 mmol/L <... Show more 1. Explain the pathophysiology underlying her respiratory symptoms (cough, dyspnoea). 2. Explain the pathophysiology underlying her symptom of fatigue.

 
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