solved

Question
Answered step-by-step
Asked by HighnessAntelope10072

Intracellular fluid – _______________ Extracellular fluid – ___________ Homeostasis – _________________ Solutes – ________________ 
Osmolarity – ______________
Fluid/Electrolyte Movement
Filtration – ____________ moves by pressure  heart pumps, maintains blood pressure  kidneys filter (no concentration difference)
Osmosis – ____________ moves passively from __________ concentration to __________ concentration 
Diffusion – _____________ move passively from ___________ concentration to ___________ concentration 
Active Transport – __________ move from ______________ concentration to ______________concentration (moved forcefully)
Tonicity
Isotonic – The solution is ______________ concentration to that of intracellular fluid. (I-so-chill)
Hypotonic – The solution is _____________ concentrated than intracellular fluid. Cell = ___________ concentration  fluid moves into the cell.
Hypertonic – The solution is ___________ concentrated than intracellular fluid. Cell = ___________ concentration  pulls fluid out of the cell. 
Fluid Tonicity Helpful Hint Conditions
.9% Normal Saline (NS)
5% Dextrose in Water (D5W)
Ringer’s Lactate (RL)
_______________
Abbreviations are all “basic” fluids Blood loss, trauma, dehydration 
.45% Normal Saline (1/2 NS)
.2% Normal Saline (1/4 NS)
.33% (1/3 NS)
2.5% Dextrose in Water (D2.5W)
________________
Abbreviations are all fractions (hypo = 
smaller numbers than the basics)
Diabetic ketoacidosis (our cells are 
dehydrated)
ALL cells will swell, use caution if 
patient is at risk for cerebral edema 
or elevated ICP (intracranial 
pressure)
10% Dextrose in Water (D10W)
5% Dextrose + NSS or RL 
3% Saline or >
________________
These fluids are usually 
given via central line and in 
intensive care settings
Abbreviations have high numbers 
(hyper = higher numbers or 
combining fluids)
Hyponatremia 
Increased ICP
We want to pull fluid out of the cell 
We want the sodium to be released 
from the cell back into the blood 
stream (water follows sodium and 
vice versa)

 

 

Hormonal Regulation
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - 
Prevents the body from __________________ (retain water)
Produced by the hypothalamus, stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland 
When blood pressure or blood volume ______________  ADH is secreted  ADH tells the kidneys to _______________  increases the blood 
volume or fills up the vessels to increase blood pressure
This can also work in the opposite direction – an _______________ blood volume may suppress ADH and the patient has diuresis 
*Also known as _______________________
Renin-Angiotensin - 
Causes _________________ and therefor an increased BP
Renin is secreted, which activates Angiotensin II
Blood pressure ______________  Renin secreted  activates angiotensin I conversion to angiotensin II  causes ___________ and production 
of _____________  blood pressure ________________
Aldosterone - 
________________________, fluid balance, and electrolyte balance by controlling absorption of _______________ and ____________ in the 
nephron
Secreted by the adrenal cortex
Blood pressure _____________  Aldosterone secreted  sodium and water reabsorbed  blood pressure _____________ as vessels fill with 
fluid
Natriuretic Peptides (ANP/BNP) - 
Cardiac hormone released when atrial pressure (BP) is ________________
Blood pressure ______________  ANP/BNP released  stops renin-angiotensin and aldosterone production  blood pressure ____________ 
and intravascular blood volume _________________ 
Kidneys & Fluid Balance
Nephrons – filter blood  creates __________________
Nephrons control the amount of fluid retained (or not retained) based on the amount of ________________, _____________, and 
_____________________ concentration
Thirst & Fluid Balance
Regulated by the ______________________ 
Increase in osmolarity of the __________________ and/or dry mucous membranes  stimulates ____________ person drinks fluids

 

 

Dehydration – fluid volume deficit
Causes: (1) fluid intake is not _____________________ or (2) Fluid is ______________________________________________________ 
Dehydration – Who is at risk? 
Infants, young children, and elderly are the most vulnerable populations
*Infants – kidneys are immature  cannot ___________________ urine; ________________________ than an adult
*Young children – kidneys aren’t as efficient as an adult; higher metabolic rate than an adult
*Elderly (as the brain ages) – the ________________, located in the brain, doesn’t react as quickly (decreased thirst sensation); elderly have less total 
body water than younger adults; change in mobility  hard time getting to bathroom (so they don’t drink), fine motor skills decrease (can’t pick up a cup), 
medications that flush fluids (diuretics and blood pressure medications)
Dehydration – Types of Loss
Insensible loss – ____________________ (diaphoresis, humidity, body surface area, respirations) 
Sensible loss – _______________________ (urine output, feces, vomit, wound drainage) 
Dehydration – Assessment:
Ask client about food and fluid intake
__________________ – best indicator of hydration status – 1 L of fluid = 2.2lbs; no weight change before a change in intake and output)
Review medications (prescribed, OTC, herbal, illicit) 
Review past medical history (kidney disease, endocrine disease)
Vital Signs (________________ BP/orthostatic hypotension, ______________ HR with ____________ peripheral pulses, ____________ RR, 
_______________ temp)
Neuro status (decreased ___________ confusion, light-headedness, dizziness) **Neuro changes common 1st sign of dehydration in older adults 
Flattened veins, poor skin turgor/prolonged skin tenting, mucous membranes drymay have a coating or cracks
Urine is ________________, strong odor
Labs: ________________ Na, ________________ K (*goes back to the vegetable soup – less broth, looks like more vegetables) 
Dehydration – Nursing Care:
_______________________ (if possible, following dietary restrictions); offer _________________every 2 hours
Encourage oral intake even if patient is incontinent or has IV fluids
Infuse IV fluids as ordered; includes _______________ peripheral IV site assessment 
Strict ____________________ ensure fluids ingested and IV therapy calculated by weight for children
Frequent physical assessments and monitoring of VS to prevent ____________________

 

 

Overhydration – excess amount of fluid
Causes: 1) ________________________ or (2) ___________________ of fluid greater than the body requires or _______________ excretion of fluids. 
______________________ – Excessive fluid in the extracellular space 
Overhydration – Who is at risk? 
Older adults
Patients with cardiac, kidney or pulmonary problems (late phase kidney failure and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH))
Patients with liver problems
Patients receiving __________________________ (_______________________________________________________________________) 
Water intoxication 
Medications (long term corticosteroid use) 
Overhydration – Assessment:
Ask client about food and fluid intake/Assess IV therapy the patient has been receiving 
____________________- best indicator of hydration status – 1 L of fluid = 2.2lbs; no weight change before a change in intake and output)
Review medications (prescribed, OTC, herbal, illicit) 
Review past medical history (kidney disease, endocrine disease)
Vital Signs (___________________ HR with ___________________ pulses, ___________________ BP, ________________ and shallow 
respirations)
Shortness of breath; lung sounds – crackles on auscultation 
Distended neck veins, distended veins on the back of hands, engorged varicose veins
Pitting edema; pale, cool skin
Altered LOC, headache
Labs: __________________ decrease first, followed by decrease in __________________________ 
Overhydration – Nursing Care:
Q 2-hour assessments – _________________ lung sounds, increasing ______________ edema, _______________ urine output 
Frequent _____________ assessment and pressure reducing therapy (turns, special mattress)
Medications as ordered to remove excess fluid (diuretics); decrease __________________
Dietary consult (chronic issues – proper diet)

 

 

Electrolytes (Most important)
Electrolyte *Value Range Dietary Sources Sign/symptoms too HIGH Signs/symptoms too LOW
_________ 
(Ca+)
______________ 
mg/dL
Dairy products
Kale
Sardines (w. bone)
Broccoli 
___________CALCEMIA:
Increased thirst and urination; Abdominal 
pain; Bone pain; Muscle weakness, 
confusion, and fatigue.
___________CALCEMIA:
Trousseau’s sign: 

Tip for remembering Trousseau = twitch
Chvostek’s sign: 
https://youtu.be/kvmwsTU0InQ 
Tip for remembering Chvostek’s = cheek 
___________
(Mg+)
______________ 
mEq/L
Dark leafy greens, nuts, seeds, 
fish, beans, whole grains, 
avocados, dried food, dark 
chocolate, yogurt, and bananas 
_________magnesemia: 
Decreased DTR
Decreased resp effort
Decreased LOC
____________magnesemia:
Will probably have a Ca deficiency as well.
Muscle cramps, tremors, anxiety, dizziness, 
fatigue, difficulty swallowing, and confusion.
___________
(K+)
______________ 
mEq/L
Avocado, spinach, sweet potato, 
banana, chocolate 
__________KALCEMIA:
cardiac dysrhythmias (often Vfib), 
n/v, numbness, palpitations
treatment: polystyrene (absorbs excess K 
and excretes it through the stool)
___________KALCEMIA:
Hyporeflexia, muscle weakness (muscles 
are not able to contract), cardiac 
dysrhythmia
___________
(Na+)
______________ 
mEq/L
Salt, celery, beets, milk, processed/ 
packaged foods, soup
_____________natremia:
This is a water problem, not a sodium 
problem (remember, we have less fluid, so 
it looks like an increased sodium level - 
vegetable soup) 
Causes: vomiting, nausea, dehydration, 
weakness 
S/S: obtundation, abnormal speech, 
irritability, confusion, seizures, tremors 
_____________natremia:
Water toxicity
Signs of cerebral edema: Headache, 
nausea, vomiting, lethargy, confusion, 
seizures, coma, death, fluid overload
* Please note that every resource and every facility will have a slightly different range of normal values. The goal is for you to remember a general range. Most 
questions won’t ask you about a lab value that is only .1 off, it will be easily distinguishable. It is more important to understand the cause of electrolyte imbalance, 
how to notice an electrolyte imbalance, and what to do about that imbalance.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SCIENCE
HEALTH SCIENCE
NURSING
NUR 102

******CLICK ORDER NOW BELOW AND OUR WRITERS WILL WRITE AN ANSWER TO THIS ASSIGNMENT OR ANY OTHER ASSIGNMENT, DISCUSSION, ESSAY, HOMEWORK OR QUESTION YOU MAY HAVE. OUR PAPERS ARE PLAGIARISM FREE*******."