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UKM1 — UKM1 TASK 2: HEALTHCARE POLICY ANALYSIS

HEALTHCARE POLICY AND ECONOMICS — D223

PRFA — UKM1

TASK OVERVIEW SUBMISSIONS EVALUATION REPORT 

 

 

COMPETENCIES

738.6.4 : Analyze Public Healthcare Policies and Federal and State Laws

The learner analyzes public healthcare policies, federal and state laws, and the resulting impact to patients and healthcare delivery.

 

INTRODUCTION

Policies in healthcare have an impact on individuals, whether at the institutional, local, state, or federal level. As a profession, nursing has the opportunity to influence health policies on all levels. By understanding healthcare policies, nurses can be advocates for patients as a unified group.

Although the majority of healthcare professionals are nurses, nursing has many opportunities to increase their involvement in healthcare policy. Healthcare and nursing practice are influenced by policy. Policy affects care delivery, patient preferences, and reimbursement. Nurses are in a unique position to influence policy due to the holistic care model and patient-centered care.

For this task, you will analyze a federal and state policy that relates to a current area of focus in healthcare. You will discuss how the federal and state policies influence patient and healthcare delivery. You will consider the population impact of the policies and if the policies are equitable at both the federal and state level.

Your goal in this task is to discuss how a nurse can impact policy at the state and federal level. You should consider the role of the nurse in the development of policy at the state and federal level and how the nurse will support or influence improvements to the policy at each policy level.

 

REQUIREMENTS

Your submission must be your original work. No more than a combined total of 30% of the submission and no more than a 10% match to any one individual source can be directly quoted or closely paraphrased from sources, even if cited correctly. The similarity report that is provided when you submit your task can be used as a guide.

You must use the rubric to direct the creation of your submission because it provides detailed criteria that will be used to evaluate your work. Each requirement below may be evaluated by more than one rubric aspect. The rubric aspect titles may contain hyperlinks to relevant portions of the course.

Tasks may not be submitted as cloud links, such as links to Google Docs, Google Slides, OneDrive, etc., unless specified in the task requirements. All other submissions must be file types that are uploaded and submitted as attachments (e.g., .docx, .pdf, .ppt). 

 

A.  Compare public healthcare policies at the federal and state level that affect the provision of patient care and healthcare delivery by doing the following:

1.  Describe one federal and one state public healthcare policy that affect the provision of patient care and healthcare delivery.

2.  Explain how each policy works (e.g., Is it mandatory? Will enforcement be necessary? Who is responsible for administering the policy?).

3.  Discuss each policy’s impact on the population(s) by answering the following questions:

•  What populations will benefit?

•  How will they benefit?

•  What populations will be negatively impacted?

•  How will they be impacted?

•  Does the policy impact health disparities and health equity?

4.  Discuss the evidence that informs each policy, including two scholarly evidence sources published within the last five years to support your discussion.

a.  Discuss whether the evidence identified in part A4 supports the chosen policies, including any modifications that should be made to each policy based on the identified evidence.
 

B.  Explain the role of the nurse in policy development and how the nurse could impact the administration of, or the revision of, a policy at both federal and state levels.

1.  Reflect on barriers to the nurse’s engagement in each of the following healthcare policy areas:

•  development

•  administration

•  revision

2.  Reflect on ways that you will engage with healthcare policy in each of the following areas in your future nursing practice:

•  development

•  administration

•  revision
 

C.  Acknowledge sources, using APA-formatted in-text citations and references, for content that is quoted, paraphrased, or summarized.
 

D.  Demonstrate professional communication in the content and presentation of your submission.

 

File Restrictions

 

File name may contain only letters, numbers, spaces, and these symbols: ! – _ . * ‘ ( )
File size limit: 200 MB
File types allowed: doc, docx, rtf, xls, xlsx, ppt, pptx, odt, pdf, txt, qt, mov, mpg, avi, mp3, wav, mp4, wma, flv, asf, mpeg, wmv, m4v, svg, tif, tiff, jpeg, jpg, gif, png, zip, rar, tar, 7z
 

 

RUBRIC

A1:FEDERAL AND STATE PUBLIC HEALTHCARE POLICY

 

NOT EVIDENT

A description of 2 public healthcare policies is not provided.

APPROACHING COMPETENCE

The description of 1 federal or 1 state public healthcare policy does not accurately address the policy level or does not include the source for 1 or both public healthcare policies.

COMPETENT

The description accurately addresses 1 federal and 1 state public healthcare policy and includes the source for both public healthcare policies.

A2:PUBLIC HEALTHCARE POLICY PROCESS

 

NOT EVIDENT

An explanation of how the selected healthcare policies from part A1 work is not provided.

APPROACHING COMPETENCE

The explanation does not thoroughly address how the federal or state public healthcare policy from part A1 works. Or the explanation does not provide relevant details from each policy.

COMPETENT

The explanation thoroughly addresses how each of the public healthcare policies from part A1 works, with relevant details from each policy.

A3:POLICY IMPACT ON POPULATION(S)

 

NOT EVIDENT

A discussion of the impact each policy has on the population(s) is not provided.

APPROACHING COMPETENCE

The discussion does not address the impact each policy has on the population(s) by answering each of the 5 given questions, or 1 or more of the answers are illogical.

COMPETENT

The discussion addresses the impact each policy has on the population(s) by logically answering each of the 5 given questions.

A4:EVIDENCE THAT INFORMS POLICY

 

NOT EVIDENT

A discussion of evidence that informs the policies is not provided.

APPROACHING COMPETENCE

The discussion of the evidence that informs each policy is not logical, or the discussion does not include 2 credible scholarly evidence sources, or 1 or both sources were not published within the last 5 years.

COMPETENT

The discussion of the evidence that informs each policy is logical, and the discussion is supported by 2 credible scholarly evidence sources that were both published within the last 5 years.

A4A:EVIDENCE SUPPORTING POLICY

 

NOT EVIDENT

A discussion of whether the evidence from part A4 supports the policies is not provided.

APPROACHING COMPETENCE

The discussion of whether the evidence identified in part A4 supports the policies is illogical, or specific examples are not included. Or the discussion does not include any modifications that should be made to each policy based on the identified evidence, or 1 or more modifications are not reasonably based on the evidence.

COMPETENT

The discussion of whether the evidence identified in part A4 supports the policies is logical and includes specific examples. The discussion includes any reasonable modifications that should be made to each policy based on the identified evidence.

B:ROLE OF THE NURSE IN POLICY DEVELOPMENT

 

NOT EVIDENT

The submission does not explain the role of the nurse in policy development.

APPROACHING COMPETENCE

The submission does not logically explain the role of the nurse in policy development or provide specific supporting examples. Or the submission does not logically explain how nurses could impact the administration of, or the revision of, a policy at federal or state levels.

COMPETENT

The submission logically explains the role of the nurse in policy development, including specific supporting examples. The submission logically explains how nurses could impact the administration of, or the revision of, a policy at both federal and state levels.

B1:NURSING BARRIERS

 

NOT EVIDENT

The submission does not reflect on barriers to the nurse’s engagement.

APPROACHING COMPETENCE

The submission reflecting on barriers to the nurse’s engagement does not address 1 or more of the given healthcare policy areas. Or the reflection is not relevant or does not include examples.

COMPETENT

The submission reflects on barriers to the nurse’s engagement for all 3 of the given healthcare policy areas. The reflection is relevant and includes examples.

B2:NURSING ENGAGEMENT

 

NOT EVIDENT

The submission does not reflect on ways the candidate will engage in future nursing practice.

APPROACHING COMPETENCE

The submission does not reflect on the ways the candidate will engage with healthcare policy in 1 or more of the given areas in future nursing practice. Or any of the given ways to engage are irrelevant to future nursing practice, or the reflection is not supported with specific examples.

COMPETENT

The submission reflects on the ways the candidate will engage with healthcare policy in all 3 of the given areas in future nursing practice. The given ways to engage are relevant to the future nursing practice, and the reflection is supported with specific examples.

C:APA SOURCES

 

NOT EVIDENT

The submission does not include in-text citations and references according to APA style for content that is quoted, paraphrased, or summarized.

APPROACHING COMPETENCE

The submission includes in-text citations and references for content that is quoted, paraphrased, or summarized but does not demonstrate a consistent application of APA style.

COMPETENT

The submission includes in-text citations and references for content that is quoted, paraphrased, or summarized and demonstrates a consistent application of APA style.

D:PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION

 

NOT EVIDENT

Content is unstructured, is disjointed, or contains pervasive errors in mechanics, usage, or grammar. Vocabulary or tone is unprofessional or distracts from the topic.

APPROACHING COMPETENCE

Content is poorly organized, is difficult to follow, or contains errors in mechanics, usage, or grammar that cause confusion. Terminology is misused or ineffective.

COMPETENT

Content reflects attention to detail, is organized, and focuses on the main ideas as prescribed in the task or chosen by the candidate. Terminology is pertinent, is used correctly, and effectively conveys the intended meaning. Mechanics, usage, and grammar promote accurate interpretation and understanding.

My submission 

A.

Question 1.

“The Affordable Care Act (ACA)”, which was “passed in 2010 and upheld by the Supreme Court in 2012 is the policy of the federal government”. “The Affordable Care Act” makes it a requirement for all Americans to have health insurance. It also gives people subsidies to help them pay for coverage and expands Medicaid to cover more people with low incomes.

The law says that everyone who lives there must have health insurance. The law also gives people subsidies to help them pay for insurance, and it expanded Medicaid so that more low-income people could get coverage.

Question 2.

The ACA is a law that must be followed, hence enforcement is required. The policy must be carried out under federal supervision. The Massachusetts Health Care Reform Law is a requirement that will need to be enforced. The policy must be applied by the state’s administration.

It is important to note that while this law was passed in order to provide citizens with affordable healthcare coverage, it does not mean that this law will cover all residents of Massachusetts or even just those who are poor enough for Medicaid coverage. It only covers those who do not already have any type of insurance through an employer or through their own individual plan (such as Medicare).

Question 3.

Populations that will benefit

All Americans will benefit from the ACA because it will provide them access to health insurance. The expansion of Medicaid will benefit low-income Americans, and the subsidies will help individuals afford coverage.

How will they benefit

All citizens will benefit from “the Massachusetts Health Care Reform Law since it will provide them access to health insurance”. The expansion of Medicaid will benefit low-income households, and the subsidies will help individuals afford coverage.

populations  negatively impacted.

The individual mandate tax, if passed, will likely cause several problems for citizens who do not follow it. The first problem is that the individual mandate tax is a penalty for failing to adhere to the law. If you don’t follow the individual mandate and purchase health insurance, you are subjecting yourself to a fine or penalty fee.

To understand how high this can get, one needs only look at how much money Americans spend on health care each year: over $3 trillion. If there were no penalties for failing to adhere to this law (and I believe there will be), then many people would simply stop buying health insurance and avoid paying taxes altogether—a huge problem with regards to our economy and national budget.

How will they be impacted

The Medicaid expansion may have a negative effect on low-income individuals as well since they could have to pay premiums and co-pays. The Medicaid program is currently funded by state governments, which means that the federal government only pays for a small portion of it. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) expands Medicaid eligibility in all states, but there are still some low-income individuals who cannot be covered by the Medicaid program because they do not meet the financial requirements. This is where private insurance comes in; these policies are more expensive than traditional Medicaid plans because they offer coverage to those who do not qualify for subsidies through their state’s Medicaid program.

“Does the policy impact health disparities and health equity”.

Law does not appear to impact “health disparities and health equity”. “The 2010 assessment on the effects of the ACA from the Congressional Budget Office is among the supporting data for the law”. The selected policies are supported by the evidence. On the basis of the cited facts, the policies should not need to be changed.

Question 4.

The evidence that informs the ACA includes a Congressional Budget Office report on the impact of the ACA, which was published in 2010. “The report found that the ACA would reduce the number of people without health insurance by 32 million by 2019”. “The evidence that informs the Massachusetts Health Care Reform Law includes a report by the Massachusetts Division of Health Care Finance and Policy which was published in 2007”.

The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) is an independent agency that analyzes budget issues for Congress and provides data on taxes, spending, and economic trends. The CBO has been responsible for estimating how many people will be uninsured under different scenarios—including when there are changes to existing laws like those passed under Obamacare and those passed under Massachusetts’ health care reform law.

The Massachusetts Health Care Reform Law cut costs for state residents by reducing hospital occupancy rates, increasing nurse staffing levels, reducing drug costs for state residents, and requiring insurers to cover all necessary prescription drugs at no additional cost to patients.

a.

The state of Massachusetts “has been a leader in the field of health care reform”. They have been able to achieve notable improvements in both access and quality, while also achieving cost savings, when compared with the national average. The evidence supports the chosen policies. There are no modifications that should be made to the policies based on the identified evidence. The results of this study demonstrate that the Massachusetts Health Care Reform Law has been successful in improving access, eliminating disparities, and “reducing costs while improving quality of care for all patients regardless of their ability to pay or insurance status”.

PART B

In the future, nurses can get involved with healthcare policy in a number of ways. Nurses can get involved in policymaking by joining professional groups like the American Nurses Association and taking part in their policy development process(Carryer). Nurses can also stay up-to-date on healthcare policy issues by reading professional journals and going to conferences. Lastly, nurses can try to change healthcare policy by writing letters to their elected officials and testifying before state legislatures.

1.

There are several barriers that may prevent nurses from becoming engaged in healthcare policy. Some of these barriers are not knowing how policy is made, not having enough time to deal with policy issues, and not knowing how policy affects nursing practice. Nurses may also think that they don’t know enough about policymaking or that their voices won’t be heard during the policymaking process.

Nurses are often asked to care for both patients and their families at the same time, which can be very stressful. Nurses might feel like they don’t have enough time for work and family, which makes them less likely to take part in policy discussions. This also makes it hard for nurses to get to know other members of Congress who might be able to help them push for certain policies(Act)

There are also cognitive biases that make it hard for nurses to judge information about healthcare policies correctly. For example, if a nurse is told that a certain hospital has low infection and death rates but doesn’t know how many patients have died there recently or how many infections there were overall that year compared to other hospitals across the country, he or she would probably base his or her opinion on that.

2.

In the future, nurses can work with healthcare policy in a number of ways as part of their jobs. Nurses can get involved in making policy by joining professional organizations like the American Nurses Association and taking part in how they make policy.

Nurses can also stay up-to-date on healthcare policy by reading professional journals and going to conferences. Lastly, nurses can try to change healthcare policy by writing letters to their elected officials and giving speeches in front of state legislatures.

 

 Recommendation;

 

 

A1. Federal and State Public Healthcare Policy

 

Approaching Competence

 

 

Approaching CompetenceThe description of 1 federal or 1 state public healthcare policy does not accurately address the policy level or does not include the source for 1 or both public healthcare policies.

 

EVALUATOR COMMENTS: ATTEMPT 1

The ACA and the Massachusetts Health Care Reform Law were nicely presented as methods of access to healthcare provided by the federal and state governments, respectively. Sources for these public policies were not provided.

 

A2. Public Healthcare Policy Process

 

Competent

 

 

A3. Policy Impact on Population(s)

 

Competent

 

 

A4. Evidence That Informs Policy

 

Approaching Competence

 

 

Approaching CompetenceThe discussion of the evidence that informs each policy is not logical, or the discussion does not include 2 credible scholarly evidence sources, or 1 or bothsources were not published within the last 5 years.

 

EVALUATOR COMMENTS: ATTEMPT 1

Evidence was provided that supports the need for the legislation stating that it would provide a reduction of uninsured individuals. Neither source provided was published in the last five years and since it was not cited in-text, the reader cannot determine which source was used. Please cite the sources that were published within the past five years.

 

A4a. Evidence Supporting Policy

 

Approaching Competence

 

 

Approaching CompetenceThe discussion of whether the evidence identified in part A4 supports the policies is illogical, or specific examples are not included. Or the discussion does not include any modifications that should be made to each policy based on the identified evidence, or 1 or more modifications are not reasonably based on the evidence.

 

EVALUATOR COMMENTS: ATTEMPT 1

An interesting suggestion included that no modifications needed for the policy. Specific examples for appropriate evidence in part A4 supports the policies were not provided and reasonable modifications were not provided based on evidence.

 

B. Role of the Nurse in Policy Development

 

Competent

 

 

B1. Nursing Barriers

 

Approaching Competence

 

 

Approaching CompetenceThe submission reflecting on barriers to the nurse’s engagement does not address 1 or more of the given healthcare policy areas. Or the reflection is not relevant or does not include examples.

 

EVALUATOR COMMENTS: ATTEMPT 1

It was appropriately stated that the barriers to engagement could include the perceived time available for the nurse. It did not include the barriers to the nurse’s engagement for all three of the following policy areas: Reflect on barriers to the nurse’s engagement in each of the following healthcare policy areas: development, administration, and revision. Please provide this clearly.

 

B2. Nursing Engagement

 

Competent

 

 

C. APA Sources

 

Approaching Competence

 

 

Approaching CompetenceThe submission includes in-text citations and references for content that is quoted, paraphrased, or summarized but does not demonstrate a consistent application of APA style.

 

EVALUATOR COMMENTS: ATTEMPT 1

The submission includes references. Corresponding in-text citations are not evident for sources, which is a deviation from APA Style’s one-to-one correspondence requirement. Sources are also not within five years of publication. For this assignment, please support evidence from articles that were published within the past five years. For specific instruction on in-text and reference list citations, click on the link located next to the APA Sources rubric aspect (looks like an arrow). Please contact the WGU Writing Center if further assistance is needed.

 

D. Professional Communication

 

Competent 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

REFERENCES.

Act, A. C. (2012). Estimates for the insurance coverage provisions of the Affordable Care Act updated for the recent Supreme Court decision. supra note 10, at 4.

Deschaine, J. E., & Schaffer, M. A. (2003). Strengthening the role of public health nurse leaders in policy development. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 4(4), 266-274.

Carryer, J., Gardner, G., Dunn, S., & Gardner, A. (2007). The core role of the nurse practitioner: practice, professionalism and clinical leadership. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16(10), 1818

 

 

SCIENCE
HEALTH SCIENCE
NURSING
BS NURSING D223

 

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