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This assignment is for Urinalysis and involves renal diseases. I had to list the chemical and microscopic results, where the defect occurred inside the nephron, and what the outcome was. Have I done the assignment correctly? I am unsure of my microscopic results.

1. Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN)
Chem strip: Protein + (mild), Blood + (varies)
Microscopic: RBCs (often dysmorphic), occasional RTEs, RBC casts, Hyaline casts, granular casts, occasional renal cell casts
Glomerulus is affected
Outcome: Reversible. Long-term prognosis generally good
2. Nephrotic Syndrome (NS)
Chem strip: Protein + (severe), Blood + (small)
Microscopic: RTEs, RBCs, Casts (all types but fatty/waxy/renal common), oval fat bodies present
Glomerulus is damaged
Outcome: No cure, may be life threatening, symptoms can be controlled with medication
3. Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
Chem strip: Protein + (mild), Blood +, SG: low
Microscopic: RBCs, RTEs, RTE cell fragments, RTE casts, granular casts, waxy and broad casts
Tubules are damaged
Outcome: Reversible. Otherwise healthy patients may recover from the renal failure phase of ATN between 7-21 days.
4. Minimal Change Disease (MCD)
Chem strip: Protein pos (large/severe!)
Microscopic: Possible Few RTEs, MANY oval fat bodies, Fatty casts and Hyaline casts likely observed, Fat globules may be present
Glomerulus is affected
Outcome: Reversible. May be side effect to immunization. Treated with steroids.
5. Cystitis
Chem strip: Nitrite pos, Leukocyte Esterase pos, increased pH (alkalinity), Protein may be Trace
Microscopic: Many WBCs, WBCs may clump (do not confuse for casts), Many Bacteria (Rods, likely GNB)
Interstitial tubule tissue is effected (also bladder/ureter, lower UTI)
Outcome: Easily reversible – treated with antibiotics. Common disease.
6. Acute Pyelonephritis
Chem strip: Nitrite pos, Leukocyte Esterase pos, possible Blood (small), possible Protein (mod)
Microscopic: Many WBCs, Mod to Many Bacteria (Rods, likely GNB), possible Few RBCs, WBC casts present
Interstitial tubules are effected (upper UTI)
Outcome: Reversible – treated with antibiotics.
7. Fanconi syndrome
Chem strip: Glucose +, Possible Protein + (small)
Microscopic: Occasional Cystine crystals observed
(Proximal) tubules are affected. Hinders tubular reabsorption.
Outcome: Depends on cause. If inherited/genetic, not reversible and difficult to manage. May affect growth/development. If syndrome triggered by use of aminoglycoside antibiotics, tetracycline, or other drugs it may be reversible.
8. Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN)
Chem strip: Blood +, Protein +, LE +
Microscopic: RBCs, WBCs, WBC casts
Renal interstitium (interstital tissue) is affected/damaged
Outcome: Sometimes reversible with early diagnosis/treatment. Up to 40-60% often go on to develop chronic kidney disease after an episode of AIN.

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